Fix the skill

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Yaojia Wang
2026-02-04 23:30:06 +01:00
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commit 15533285c6
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---
name: coding-standards
description: Universal coding standards, best practices, and patterns for Python, FastAPI, and data processing development.
description: .NET/C# coding standards and best practices.
---
# Coding Standards & Best Practices
# .NET Coding Standards
Python coding standards for the Invoice Master project.
## Core Principles
## Code Quality Principles
- **Readability First** - Clear names, self-documenting code
- **KISS** - Simplest solution that works
- **DRY** - Extract common logic, avoid copy-paste
- **YAGNI** - Don't build features before needed
### 1. Readability First
- Code is read more than written
- Clear variable and function names
- Self-documenting code preferred over comments
- Consistent formatting (follow PEP 8)
## Naming Conventions
### 2. KISS (Keep It Simple, Stupid)
- Simplest solution that works
- Avoid over-engineering
- No premature optimization
- Easy to understand > clever code
```csharp
// PascalCase: Types, methods, properties, public fields
public class DocumentService { }
public async Task<Document> GetByIdAsync(Guid id) { }
public string InvoiceNumber { get; init; }
### 3. DRY (Don't Repeat Yourself)
- Extract common logic into functions
- Create reusable utilities
- Share modules across the codebase
- Avoid copy-paste programming
// camelCase: Parameters, local variables, private fields with underscore
private readonly ILogger<DocumentService> _logger;
public void Process(string documentId, int pageCount) { }
### 4. YAGNI (You Aren't Gonna Need It)
- Don't build features before they're needed
- Avoid speculative generality
- Add complexity only when required
- Start simple, refactor when needed
// Interfaces: I prefix
public interface IDocumentRepository { }
## Python Standards
### Variable Naming
```python
# GOOD: Descriptive names
invoice_number = "INV-2024-001"
is_valid_document = True
total_confidence_score = 0.95
# BAD: Unclear names
inv = "INV-2024-001"
flag = True
x = 0.95
// Async methods: Async suffix
public async Task<Document> LoadAsync(CancellationToken ct)
```
### Function Naming
## Modern C# Features
```python
# GOOD: Verb-noun pattern with type hints
def extract_invoice_fields(pdf_path: Path) -> dict[str, str]:
"""Extract fields from invoice PDF."""
...
```csharp
// Records for DTOs and value objects
public sealed record CreateDocumentRequest(string Name, string Type);
public sealed record DocumentDto(Guid Id, string Name, DateTime CreatedAt);
def calculate_confidence(predictions: list[float]) -> float:
"""Calculate average confidence score."""
...
// Primary constructors
public class DocumentService(IRepository<Document> repo, ILogger<DocumentService> logger)
{
public async Task<Document?> GetAsync(Guid id, CancellationToken ct) =>
await repo.GetByIdAsync(id, ct);
}
def is_valid_bankgiro(value: str) -> bool:
"""Check if value is valid Bankgiro number."""
...
// Pattern matching
var message = result switch
{
{ IsSuccess: true, Value: var doc } => $"Found: {doc.Name}",
{ Error: var err } => $"Error: {err}",
_ => "Unknown"
};
# BAD: Unclear or noun-only
def invoice(path):
...
// Collection expressions
int[] numbers = [1, 2, 3];
List<string> names = ["Alice", "Bob"];
def confidence(p):
...
def bankgiro(v):
...
// Null coalescing
var name = user?.Name ?? "Unknown";
list ??= [];
```
### Type Hints (REQUIRED)
## Immutability (Critical)
```python
# GOOD: Full type annotations
from typing import Optional
from pathlib import Path
from dataclasses import dataclass
```csharp
// GOOD: Create new objects
public record User(string Name, int Age)
{
public User WithName(string newName) => this with { Name = newName };
}
@dataclass
class InferenceResult:
document_id: str
fields: dict[str, str]
confidence: dict[str, float]
processing_time_ms: float
// GOOD: Immutable collections
public IReadOnlyList<string> GetNames() => _names.AsReadOnly();
def process_document(
pdf_path: Path,
confidence_threshold: float = 0.5
) -> InferenceResult:
"""Process PDF and return extracted fields."""
...
# BAD: No type hints
def process_document(pdf_path, confidence_threshold=0.5):
...
// BAD: Mutation
public void UpdateUser(User user, string name)
{
user.Name = name; // MUTATION!
}
```
### Immutability Pattern (CRITICAL)
## Error Handling
```python
# GOOD: Create new objects, don't mutate
def update_fields(fields: dict[str, str], updates: dict[str, str]) -> dict[str, str]:
return {**fields, **updates}
```csharp
// Domain exceptions
public class NotFoundException(string resource, Guid id)
: Exception($"{resource} not found: {id}");
def add_item(items: list[str], new_item: str) -> list[str]:
return [*items, new_item]
// Comprehensive handling
public async Task<Document> LoadAsync(Guid id, CancellationToken ct)
{
try
{
var doc = await _repo.GetByIdAsync(id, ct);
return doc ?? throw new NotFoundException("Document", id);
}
catch (Exception ex) when (ex is not NotFoundException)
{
_logger.LogError(ex, "Failed to load document {Id}", id);
throw;
}
}
# BAD: Direct mutation
def update_fields(fields: dict[str, str], updates: dict[str, str]) -> dict[str, str]:
fields.update(updates) # MUTATION!
return fields
def add_item(items: list[str], new_item: str) -> list[str]:
items.append(new_item) # MUTATION!
return items
// Result pattern for expected failures
public Result<Document> Validate(CreateRequest request) =>
string.IsNullOrEmpty(request.Name)
? Result<Document>.Fail("Name required")
: Result<Document>.Ok(new Document(request.Name));
```
### Error Handling
## Async/Await
```python
import logging
```csharp
// Always pass CancellationToken
public async Task<Document> GetAsync(Guid id, CancellationToken ct)
logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
// Use ConfigureAwait(false) in libraries
await _client.GetAsync(url, ct).ConfigureAwait(false);
# GOOD: Comprehensive error handling with logging
def load_model(model_path: Path) -> Model:
"""Load YOLO model from path."""
try:
if not model_path.exists():
raise FileNotFoundError(f"Model not found: {model_path}")
// Avoid async void
public async Task ProcessAsync() { } // Good
public async void Process() { } // Bad
model = YOLO(str(model_path))
logger.info(f"Model loaded: {model_path}")
return model
except Exception as e:
logger.error(f"Failed to load model: {e}")
raise RuntimeError(f"Model loading failed: {model_path}") from e
# BAD: No error handling
def load_model(model_path):
return YOLO(str(model_path))
# BAD: Bare except
def load_model(model_path):
try:
return YOLO(str(model_path))
except: # Never use bare except!
return None
// Parallel when independent
var tasks = ids.Select(id => GetAsync(id, ct));
var results = await Task.WhenAll(tasks);
```
### Async Best Practices
## LINQ Best Practices
```python
import asyncio
```csharp
// Prefer method syntax for complex queries
var result = documents
.Where(d => d.Status == "Active")
.OrderByDescending(d => d.CreatedAt)
.Select(d => new DocumentDto(d.Id, d.Name, d.CreatedAt))
.Take(10);
# GOOD: Parallel execution when possible
async def process_batch(pdf_paths: list[Path]) -> list[InferenceResult]:
tasks = [process_document(path) for path in pdf_paths]
results = await asyncio.gather(*tasks, return_exceptions=True)
// Use Any() instead of Count() > 0
if (documents.Any(d => d.IsValid)) { }
# Handle exceptions
valid_results = []
for path, result in zip(pdf_paths, results):
if isinstance(result, Exception):
logger.error(f"Failed to process {path}: {result}")
else:
valid_results.append(result)
return valid_results
# BAD: Sequential when unnecessary
async def process_batch(pdf_paths: list[Path]) -> list[InferenceResult]:
results = []
for path in pdf_paths:
result = await process_document(path)
results.append(result)
return results
```
### Context Managers
```python
from contextlib import contextmanager
from pathlib import Path
import tempfile
# GOOD: Proper resource management
@contextmanager
def temp_pdf_copy(pdf_path: Path):
"""Create temporary copy of PDF for processing."""
with tempfile.NamedTemporaryFile(suffix=".pdf", delete=False) as tmp:
tmp.write(pdf_path.read_bytes())
tmp_path = Path(tmp.name)
try:
yield tmp_path
finally:
tmp_path.unlink(missing_ok=True)
# Usage
with temp_pdf_copy(original_pdf) as tmp_pdf:
result = process_pdf(tmp_pdf)
```
## FastAPI Best Practices
### Route Structure
```python
from fastapi import APIRouter, HTTPException, Depends, Query, File, UploadFile
from pydantic import BaseModel
router = APIRouter(prefix="/api/v1", tags=["inference"])
class InferenceResponse(BaseModel):
success: bool
document_id: str
fields: dict[str, str]
confidence: dict[str, float]
processing_time_ms: float
@router.post("/infer", response_model=InferenceResponse)
async def infer_document(
file: UploadFile = File(...),
confidence_threshold: float = Query(0.5, ge=0.0, le=1.0)
) -> InferenceResponse:
"""Process invoice PDF and extract fields."""
if not file.filename.endswith(".pdf"):
raise HTTPException(status_code=400, detail="Only PDF files accepted")
result = await inference_service.process(file, confidence_threshold)
return InferenceResponse(
success=True,
document_id=result.document_id,
fields=result.fields,
confidence=result.confidence,
processing_time_ms=result.processing_time_ms
)
```
### Input Validation with Pydantic
```python
from pydantic import BaseModel, Field, field_validator
from datetime import date
import re
class InvoiceData(BaseModel):
invoice_number: str = Field(..., min_length=1, max_length=50)
invoice_date: date
amount: float = Field(..., gt=0)
bankgiro: str | None = None
ocr_number: str | None = None
@field_validator("bankgiro")
@classmethod
def validate_bankgiro(cls, v: str | None) -> str | None:
if v is None:
return None
# Bankgiro: 7-8 digits
cleaned = re.sub(r"[^0-9]", "", v)
if not (7 <= len(cleaned) <= 8):
raise ValueError("Bankgiro must be 7-8 digits")
return cleaned
@field_validator("ocr_number")
@classmethod
def validate_ocr(cls, v: str | None) -> str | None:
if v is None:
return None
# OCR: 2-25 digits
cleaned = re.sub(r"[^0-9]", "", v)
if not (2 <= len(cleaned) <= 25):
raise ValueError("OCR must be 2-25 digits")
return cleaned
```
### Response Format
```python
from pydantic import BaseModel
from typing import Generic, TypeVar
T = TypeVar("T")
class ApiResponse(BaseModel, Generic[T]):
success: bool
data: T | None = None
error: str | None = None
meta: dict | None = None
# Success response
return ApiResponse(
success=True,
data=result,
meta={"processing_time_ms": elapsed_ms}
)
# Error response
return ApiResponse(
success=False,
error="Invalid PDF format"
)
// Avoid multiple enumerations
var list = documents.ToList(); // Materialize once
var count = list.Count;
var first = list.FirstOrDefault();
```
## File Organization
### Project Structure
```
src/
├── cli/ # Command-line interfaces
│ ├── autolabel.py
├── train.py
│ └── infer.py
├── pdf/ # PDF processing
├── extractor.py
└── renderer.py
├── ocr/ # OCR processing
│ ├── paddle_ocr.py
│ └── machine_code_parser.py
├── inference/ # Inference pipeline
│ ├── pipeline.py
│ ├── yolo_detector.py
│ └── field_extractor.py
├── normalize/ # Field normalization
│ ├── base.py
│ ├── date_normalizer.py
│ └── amount_normalizer.py
├── web/ # FastAPI application
│ ├── app.py
│ ├── routes.py
│ ├── services.py
│ └── schemas.py
└── utils/ # Shared utilities
├── validators.py
├── text_cleaner.py
└── logging.py
tests/ # Mirror of src structure
├── test_pdf/
├── test_ocr/
└── test_inference/
Domain/ # Entities, value objects
Application/ # Use cases, DTOs, interfaces
Infrastructure/ # EF Core, external services
Api/ # Controllers, middleware
tests/
Unit/
Integration/
```
### File Naming
**Guidelines:**
- Max 800 lines per file (typical 200-400)
- Max 50 lines per method
- One class per file (except nested)
- Group by feature, not by type
```
src/ocr/paddle_ocr.py # snake_case for modules
src/inference/yolo_detector.py # snake_case for modules
tests/test_paddle_ocr.py # test_ prefix for tests
config.py # snake_case for config
## Code Smells
```csharp
// BAD: Deep nesting
if (doc != null)
if (doc.IsValid)
if (doc.HasFields)
// ...
// GOOD: Early returns
if (doc is null) return null;
if (!doc.IsValid) return null;
if (!doc.HasFields) return null;
// ...
// BAD: Magic numbers
if (confidence > 0.5) { }
// GOOD: Named constants
private const double ConfidenceThreshold = 0.5;
if (confidence > ConfidenceThreshold) { }
```
### Module Size Guidelines
## Logging
- **Maximum**: 800 lines per file
- **Typical**: 200-400 lines per file
- **Functions**: Max 50 lines each
- Extract utilities when modules grow too large
```csharp
// Structured logging with templates
_logger.LogInformation("Processing document {DocumentId}", docId);
_logger.LogError(ex, "Failed to process {DocumentId}", docId);
## Comments & Documentation
### When to Comment
```python
# GOOD: Explain WHY, not WHAT
# Swedish Bankgiro uses Luhn algorithm with weight [1,2,1,2...]
def validate_bankgiro_checksum(bankgiro: str) -> bool:
...
# Payment line format: 7 groups separated by #, checksum at end
def parse_payment_line(line: str) -> PaymentLineData:
...
# BAD: Stating the obvious
# Increment counter by 1
count += 1
# Set name to user's name
name = user.name
// Appropriate levels
LogDebug // Development details
LogInformation // Normal operations
LogWarning // Potential issues
LogError // Errors with exceptions
```
### Docstrings for Public APIs
## Testing (AAA Pattern)
```python
def extract_invoice_fields(
pdf_path: Path,
confidence_threshold: float = 0.5,
use_gpu: bool = True
) -> InferenceResult:
"""Extract structured fields from Swedish invoice PDF.
```csharp
[Fact]
public async Task GetById_WithValidId_ReturnsDocument()
{
// Arrange
var repo = Substitute.For<IRepository<Document>>();
repo.GetByIdAsync(Arg.Any<Guid>(), Arg.Any<CancellationToken>())
.Returns(new Document("Test"));
var service = new DocumentService(repo);
Uses YOLOv11 for field detection and PaddleOCR for text extraction.
Applies field-specific normalization and validation.
// Act
var result = await service.GetAsync(Guid.NewGuid(), CancellationToken.None);
Args:
pdf_path: Path to the invoice PDF file.
confidence_threshold: Minimum confidence for field detection (0.0-1.0).
use_gpu: Whether to use GPU acceleration.
Returns:
InferenceResult containing extracted fields and confidence scores.
Raises:
FileNotFoundError: If PDF file doesn't exist.
ProcessingError: If OCR or detection fails.
Example:
>>> result = extract_invoice_fields(Path("invoice.pdf"))
>>> print(result.fields["invoice_number"])
"INV-2024-001"
"""
...
// Assert
result.Should().NotBeNull();
result!.Name.Should().Be("Test");
}
```
## Performance Best Practices
## Key Rules
### Caching
```python
from functools import lru_cache
from cachetools import TTLCache
# Static data: LRU cache
@lru_cache(maxsize=100)
def get_field_config(field_name: str) -> FieldConfig:
"""Load field configuration (cached)."""
return load_config(field_name)
# Dynamic data: TTL cache
_document_cache = TTLCache(maxsize=1000, ttl=300) # 5 minutes
def get_document_cached(doc_id: str) -> Document | None:
if doc_id in _document_cache:
return _document_cache[doc_id]
doc = repo.find_by_id(doc_id)
if doc:
_document_cache[doc_id] = doc
return doc
```
### Database Queries
```python
# GOOD: Select only needed columns
cur.execute("""
SELECT id, status, fields->>'invoice_number'
FROM documents
WHERE status = %s
LIMIT %s
""", ('processed', 10))
# BAD: Select everything
cur.execute("SELECT * FROM documents")
# GOOD: Batch operations
cur.executemany(
"INSERT INTO labels (doc_id, field, value) VALUES (%s, %s, %s)",
[(doc_id, f, v) for f, v in fields.items()]
)
# BAD: Individual inserts in loop
for field, value in fields.items():
cur.execute("INSERT INTO labels ...", (doc_id, field, value))
```
### Lazy Loading
```python
class InferencePipeline:
def __init__(self, model_path: Path):
self.model_path = model_path
self._model: YOLO | None = None
self._ocr: PaddleOCR | None = None
@property
def model(self) -> YOLO:
"""Lazy load YOLO model."""
if self._model is None:
self._model = YOLO(str(self.model_path))
return self._model
@property
def ocr(self) -> PaddleOCR:
"""Lazy load PaddleOCR."""
if self._ocr is None:
self._ocr = PaddleOCR(use_angle_cls=True, lang="latin")
return self._ocr
```
## Testing Standards
### Test Structure (AAA Pattern)
```python
def test_extract_bankgiro_valid():
# Arrange
text = "Bankgiro: 123-4567"
# Act
result = extract_bankgiro(text)
# Assert
assert result == "1234567"
def test_extract_bankgiro_invalid_returns_none():
# Arrange
text = "No bankgiro here"
# Act
result = extract_bankgiro(text)
# Assert
assert result is None
```
### Test Naming
```python
# GOOD: Descriptive test names
def test_parse_payment_line_extracts_all_fields(): ...
def test_parse_payment_line_handles_missing_checksum(): ...
def test_validate_ocr_returns_false_for_invalid_checksum(): ...
# BAD: Vague test names
def test_parse(): ...
def test_works(): ...
def test_payment_line(): ...
```
### Fixtures
```python
import pytest
from pathlib import Path
@pytest.fixture
def sample_invoice_pdf(tmp_path: Path) -> Path:
"""Create sample invoice PDF for testing."""
pdf_path = tmp_path / "invoice.pdf"
# Create test PDF...
return pdf_path
@pytest.fixture
def inference_pipeline(sample_model_path: Path) -> InferencePipeline:
"""Create inference pipeline with test model."""
return InferencePipeline(sample_model_path)
def test_process_invoice(inference_pipeline, sample_invoice_pdf):
result = inference_pipeline.process(sample_invoice_pdf)
assert result.fields.get("invoice_number") is not None
```
## Code Smell Detection
### 1. Long Functions
```python
# BAD: Function > 50 lines
def process_document():
# 100 lines of code...
# GOOD: Split into smaller functions
def process_document(pdf_path: Path) -> InferenceResult:
image = render_pdf(pdf_path)
detections = detect_fields(image)
ocr_results = extract_text(image, detections)
fields = normalize_fields(ocr_results)
return build_result(fields)
```
### 2. Deep Nesting
```python
# BAD: 5+ levels of nesting
if document:
if document.is_valid:
if document.has_fields:
if field in document.fields:
if document.fields[field]:
# Do something
# GOOD: Early returns
if not document:
return None
if not document.is_valid:
return None
if not document.has_fields:
return None
if field not in document.fields:
return None
if not document.fields[field]:
return None
# Do something
```
### 3. Magic Numbers
```python
# BAD: Unexplained numbers
if confidence > 0.5:
...
time.sleep(3)
# GOOD: Named constants
CONFIDENCE_THRESHOLD = 0.5
RETRY_DELAY_SECONDS = 3
if confidence > CONFIDENCE_THRESHOLD:
...
time.sleep(RETRY_DELAY_SECONDS)
```
### 4. Mutable Default Arguments
```python
# BAD: Mutable default argument
def process_fields(fields: list = []): # DANGEROUS!
fields.append("new_field")
return fields
# GOOD: Use None as default
def process_fields(fields: list | None = None) -> list:
if fields is None:
fields = []
return [*fields, "new_field"]
```
## Logging Standards
```python
import logging
# Module-level logger
logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
# GOOD: Appropriate log levels
logger.debug("Processing document: %s", doc_id)
logger.info("Document processed successfully: %s", doc_id)
logger.warning("Low confidence score: %.2f", confidence)
logger.error("Failed to process document: %s", error)
# GOOD: Structured logging with extra data
logger.info(
"Inference complete",
extra={
"document_id": doc_id,
"field_count": len(fields),
"processing_time_ms": elapsed_ms
}
)
# BAD: Using print()
print(f"Processing {doc_id}") # Never in production!
```
**Remember**: Code quality is not negotiable. Clear, maintainable Python code with proper type hints enables confident development and refactoring.
- Always use `CancellationToken` for async methods
- Prefer `records` for DTOs and immutable data
- Use `IReadOnlyList<T>` for return types
- Never use `async void` (except event handlers)
- Always handle `null` with pattern matching or null operators
- Use structured logging, never `Console.WriteLine`