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---
created: "2026-03-08"
type: project
status: active
deadline: ""
tags:
- homelab
- security
- proxmox
- networking
---
# PVE Security Scanner
## Goal
在 Proxmox VE 上搭建一台专用的内网安全扫描 VM，用于定期进行网络安全评估、漏洞扫描和合规检查。
## Architecture
```
+------------------+
| PVE Host |
| +--------------+| PVE Firewall (Layer 1)
| | Scanner VM || - IN: only admin IPs -> SSH/9392
| | Ubuntu 24.04 || - OUT: internal nets + update_targets IPSET
| | 4C / 8G / 80G||
| +--------------+|
| | |
+--------|--------+
| vmbr0 (bridge)
|
======|==================== Internal Network (192.168.68.0/24)
| | | |
[Host] [Host] [Host] [Switch/Router]
```
## VM Specs
| Resource | Value |
|----------|-------|
| Hostname | network-scanner |
| IP | 192.168.68.84 |
| OS | Ubuntu 24.04 (cloud-init) |
| Kernel | 6.8.0-101-generic |
| CPU | 4 cores (host type) |
| RAM | 8 GB |
| Disk | 80 GB |
| Network | vmbr0 bridge, 192.168.68.0/24 |
| SSH User | kai (1Password managed key) |
| Admin User | scanner-admin |
## Security Architecture (Defense in Depth)
### Layer 1: PVE Firewall (Hypervisor)
在 Proxmox 层面限制 VM 网络访问，即使 VM 被攻陷也无法绕过。
| Direction | Rule | Purpose |
|-----------|------|---------|
| IN | Admin IPs -> TCP 22 | SSH 管理 |
| IN | Admin IPs -> TCP 443, 9392 | OpenVAS Web UI |
| IN | Internal nets -> ICMP | Ping |
| OUT | -> Internal nets (all) | 扫描内网 |
| OUT | -> update_targets IPSET TCP 80/443 | 漏洞库更新、包管理 |
| OUT | -> UDP 53/123 | DNS / NTP |
| Default | DROP | 其他全部拒绝 |
Config: `/etc/pve/firewall/200.fw`
Admin IPs 默认 `192.168.68.0/24`（整个内网段），可通过 `SCANNER_ADMIN_IPS` 环境变量覆盖。
### Layer 2: nftables (VM Internal)
VM 内部使用 nftables 做第二层防护，包含动态封禁功能。
**Key features:**
- `blocked_ips` set: 动态 IP 封禁（带超时自动解封）
- `ssh_bruteforce` set: SSH 暴力破解自动检测（3次/分钟触发，15分钟封禁）
- Output policy DROP: 出站默认拒绝，仅白名单放行
- 所有 DROP 事件记录日志
- Docker 接口使用 `iifname "docker*"` / `iifname "br-*"` 通配（不要求接口预先存在）
**管理命令:**
```bash
# 查看规则
nft list ruleset
# 手动封禁 IP（1小时）
nft add element inet firewall blocked_ips { 1.2.3.4 timeout 1h }
# 查看被封禁的 IP
nft list set inet firewall blocked_ips
# 重载规则
systemctl restart nftables
```
Config: `/etc/nftables.conf`
### Layer 3: SSH Hardening
| Setting | Value |
|---------|-------|
| Authentication | Public key only (1Password) |
| Root login | Disabled |
| Max auth tries | 10 |
| Ciphers | chacha20-poly1305, aes256-gcm |
| KEX | sntrup761x25519, curve25519 |
| Fail2ban | 3 failures -> 1h ban (nftables backend) |
| AllowUsers | `scanner-admin kai` |
| Forwarding | DisableForwarding yes |
| Banner | /etc/issue.net |
Config: `/etc/ssh/sshd_config.d/99-scanner-hardening.conf`
### Layer 4: System Hardening
**Kernel (sysctl):**
- IP forwarding disabled
- ICMP redirects ignored
- SYN flood protection (syncookies)
- Reverse path filtering (anti-spoofing)
- Martian packet logging
- ASLR enabled, ptrace restricted
**Auditing:**
- `auditd`: 监控 /etc, auth, sudo, network, cron, scanner config 变更
- `AIDE`: 文件完整性检查 (daily 3am)
- `Lynis`: 安全审计 (weekly Sunday 2am)
- Core dumps disabled
Config: `/etc/sysctl.d/99-security-scanner.conf`, `/etc/audit/rules.d/scanner-audit.rules`
## Installed Tools
| Tool | Purpose | Usage |
|------|---------|-------|
| **OpenVAS/Greenbone** | 全面漏洞管理平台 | Web UI `https://192.168.68.84` (nginx -> gsad) |
| **Nmap** | 网络发现、端口扫描 | `nmap -sV --script=safe <target>` |
| **Nuclei** | 快速漏洞扫描 (模板驱动, SHA256 校验) | `nuclei -u <url>` |
| **httpx** | HTTP 探测、服务识别 (SHA256 校验) | `httpx -l hosts.txt` |
| **Nikto** | Web 服务器扫描 | `nikto -h <url>` |
| **testssl.sh** | TLS/SSL 安全检测 | `testssl <host:port>` |
| **NetExec** | SMB/RDP/WinRM 评估 | `netexec smb <target>` |
## Scanning Workflow
### Quick Scan (Automated)
```bash
/opt/scans/scripts/quick-scan.sh 192.168.68.0/24
```
Steps:
1. Host discovery (`nmap -sn`)
2. Port scan top 1000 (`nmap -sV --script=safe`)
3. HTTP service detection (`httpx`)
4. Vulnerability scan (`nuclei` medium/high/critical)
Results saved to `/opt/scans/results/<timestamp>/`
### Full Scan (OpenVAS)
1. Start containers: `cd /opt/greenbone && docker compose up -d`
2. Wait for feed sync (first time: 30-60 min)
3. Access Web UI: `https://192.168.68.84` (self-signed cert, accept warning)
4. Create Target -> Create Task -> Run Scan
5. Export report (PDF/CSV)
### Targeted Scans
```bash
# TLS/SSL audit
testssl 192.168.68.10:443
# Web server scan
nikto -h https://192.168.68.10
# SMB assessment
netexec smb 192.168.68.0/24
# Full port scan single host
nmap -sV --script=safe -p- -T4 192.168.68.10
```
## Monitoring
| Check | Schedule | Tool |
|-------|----------|------|
| Disk usage | Every 6h | `/opt/scans/scripts/check-disk.sh` |
| OpenVAS health | Every 30min | `/opt/scans/scripts/check-openvas.sh` |
| File integrity | Daily 3am | AIDE |
| Security audit | Weekly Sun 2am | Lynis |
| Old results cleanup | Weekly Sun 4am | find (maxdepth 1, >90 days, logged) |
| Nuclei templates | Weekly Mon 5am | `nuclei -update-templates` |
| Daily summary | Daily | Logwatch |
Logs: `/var/log/scanner/`
## Deployment
### Method: Cloud-Init Template Clone
1. PVE Web UI -> 选中 Cloud-Init 模板 -> 右键 Clone (Full Clone)
2. Cloud-Init 标签设置: user `kai`, SSH key (1Password), IP `192.168.68.84/24`
3. Hardware: 4C / 8G / 80G disk
### Copy Scripts to VM
```bash
scp -r C:/Users/yaoji/git/pve-security-scanner/vm kai@192.168.68.84:/tmp/scanner-setup
```
### Execute (in order)
```bash
# 设置环境变量
export SCANNER_ADMIN_IPS='192.168.68.0/24'
export SCANNER_DNS_SERVERS='192.168.68.1'
# 一键执行（或逐个执行）
sudo -E bash /tmp/scanner-setup/setup.sh
# 或逐个:
sudo -E bash /tmp/scanner-setup/01-system-harden.sh
sudo -E bash /tmp/scanner-setup/02-firewall.sh
sudo -E bash /tmp/scanner-setup/04-install-tools.sh # Docker 先装
sudo usermod -aG docker scanner-admin # 补加 docker 组
sudo -E bash /tmp/scanner-setup/03-ssh-harden.sh # 再跑 SSH
sudo -E bash /tmp/scanner-setup/05-monitoring.sh
sudo -E bash /tmp/scanner-setup/06-docker-autostart.sh
# OpenVAS 密码
cd /opt/greenbone && docker compose up -d
docker compose exec -u gvmd gvmd gvmd --user=admin --new-password=<PASSWORD>
# 重启
sudo shutdown -r now
```
### Post-Deployment Checklist
- [x] VM created from cloud-init template
- [x] SSH key configured (1Password, ed25519)
- [x] System hardening (01) applied
- [x] nftables firewall (02) applied - ADMIN_IPS = 192.168.68.0/24
- [x] Docker installed (Ubuntu source fix applied)
- [x] SSH hardening (03) applied - AllowUsers scanner-admin kai, MaxAuthTries 10
- [x] Security tools (04) installed
- [x] Monitoring (05) configured
- [x] Docker autostart (06) enabled - systemd greenbone-openvas.service
- [x] OpenVAS Web UI accessible - `https://192.168.68.84` (nginx port 443+9392)
- [ ] Feed sync complete (in progress, ~30-60 min)
- [ ] First quick scan completed
- [ ] `lynis audit system` score verified
## Deployment Notes
### Issues Encountered
1. **Docker source wrong distro**: 脚本原写 Debian 源，实际系统是 Ubuntu 24.04 (noble)。已修复为自动检测 `${ID}` (debian/ubuntu)
2. **nftables rate limit 不能用 define**: `define SSH_RATE_LIMIT = 5/minute` 语法错误，nftables 不支持 define 变量做 rate limit，改为内联值
3. **`iif "docker0"` 要求接口已存在**: Docker 未安装时 docker0 不存在导致报错，改为 `iifname "docker*"` 通配
4. **03-ssh-harden.sh docker 组不存在**: 需先运行 04 安装 Docker，再运行 03 创建用户
5. **SSH `sshd.service` not found**: Ubuntu 用 `ssh.service`，已修复为 `ssh 2>/dev/null || sshd`
6. **AllowUsers 只有 scanner-admin**: cloud-init 用户 `kai` 被拒绝登录，已加入 AllowUsers
7. **MaxAuthTries 3 太小**: 1Password 管理多个 key 逐个尝试会超限，改为 10
8. **ADMIN_IPS 设成 VM 自身 IP**: 导致工作站无法 SSH，改为整网段 `192.168.68.0/24`
9. **Greenbone 镜像名变更**: `greenbone/xxx` 已迁移到 `registry.community.greenbone.net/community/xxx`，架构改为 nginx + gsad + gsa 分离
10. **nginx 9392 端口重定向到 443**: 需同时暴露 443 端口，docker-compose 已加 `0.0.0.0:443:443`
### Recommended Execution Order (revised)
01 -> 02 -> 04 (Docker) -> 03 (SSH, needs docker group) -> 05 -> 06
## Scripts Location
Repo: https://git.colacoder.com/kai/pve-security-scanner
```
pve-security-scanner/
├── pve/
│ ├── create-vm.sh # VM creation (idempotent)
│ └── firewall.sh # PVE-level firewall (env var guard)
├── vm/
│ ├── setup.sh # One-click ordered execution
│ ├── 01-system-harden.sh # OS hardening
│ ├── 02-firewall.sh # nftables rules
│ ├── 03-ssh-harden.sh # SSH + fail2ban
│ ├── 04-install-tools.sh # Security tools (auto-detect distro)
│ ├── 05-monitoring.sh # Logging + cron
│ └── 06-docker-autostart.sh # OpenVAS systemd service
└── README.md
```
## Related
- [[Proxmox VE]]
- [[Home Network]]
- [[Security Best Practices]]