diff --git a/docs/PROGRESS_LOG.md b/docs/PROGRESS_LOG.md
index c326732..48f5e6a 100644
--- a/docs/PROGRESS_LOG.md
+++ b/docs/PROGRESS_LOG.md
@@ -24,6 +24,17 @@
 
 > 新会话读到的第一块。保持准确,只描述"此刻"。
 
+### 🖥️ SPLIT-GRID 看板 — 桌面多 session 分屏(2026-07-11,当前活跃)
+- **需求**: web/Mac 大屏、开多个 tab 时,把 `#term` 大窗切成 1×2 / 2×2 宫格,多个 **live 可交互**终端同屏,方便"vibe coding"时盯多个 Claude session。手机不做(<1024px 强制 single)。
+- **分支**: `feat/split-grid-view`(自 `feat/tunnel-automation`)。**用户决策(AskUserQuestion)**:全部阶段(v1→v2→v3)用多 agent + loop 完成;审批用**每格内联 ✓/✗**;成员=**前 N 个 tab(拖拽换序控制)**;布局=**single + 1×2 + 2×2**。
+- **编排**: orchestrator 亲写互锁的 5 文件(并行 builder 会互相踩),每阶段后**并行对抗式 review workflow**(4 lens → 逐条 verify)→ 修 confirmed → 复验绿 → commit → loop 下一阶段。
+- **[x] v1 DONE(2026-07-11)** — orchestrator 独立复验全绿:`npm run typecheck`(前后端两 config)干净、`build:web` 干净、**全套 1566 测试通过**(+33 新增),覆盖率 grid-layout.ts 95%/tabs.ts 94%(≥80 门槛)。
+  - **核心设计**: `activeIndex` 语义**不变**=聚焦格(keybar/voice/approval 全部零改动);新增 `gridLayout` + 派生 `visibleIndices`;每个 pane 包进 `.term-cell`(header + 终端 + 可选内联审批 footer);`applyLayout()` 独占 pane 显隐/grid class/cell 排序/占位符;`#term` 变 CSS grid。**服务端/WS 协议零改动**。
+  - **文件**: 新 `public/grid-layout.ts`(纯逻辑 + matchMedia 门 + 持久化 + toolbar 分段控件)、`tabs.ts`(applyLayout/renderCell/renderInlineApprove/setFocused/setGridLayout/refitVisible + `activate()` 改为**board-aware**)、`terminal-session.ts`(`show({focus})` 防 4 格抢焦点 + `onFocus` 回调)、`main.ts`(挂 toggle + refitVisible)、`style.css`(cell/grid/焦点环/pending 脉冲/内联审批/占位符/toggle + `.term-pane` 改 position:relative flex 子)。新测 `test/grid-layout.test.ts` + `tabs.test.ts` 追加 split-grid 块。
+  - **交叉验证抓修 3 真缺陷**:**HIGH** — `activate()` 原先非 board-aware:满格(4/4)时点 "+" 会让新 tab 成为 activeIndex 但 `display:none`,用户对着看不见的 session 打字(空最常见路径触发)。修:把 off-board→moveTab 上板逻辑折进 `activate()`,`setFocused`/`setGridLayout` 委托之。**LOW** — 通知抑制未算 `homeForced`(⌂ 覆盖时 pane 实际不在屏);修:`onScreen = !homeForced && isVisible`。**LOW** — toggle 触控尺寸(coarse-pointer 平板);修:`@media (pointer:coarse)` 加大。全部补了回归测试。
+- **[~] 下一步**: v2(1×3/2×3 布局、拖 tab 到格、Ctrl+` 循环焦点、单格最大化)→ v3(可拖拽分隔条、只读 monitor 格走 `/live-sessions/:id/preview` 免共享 PTY 缩放、布局预设)。
+- **探索产物**: 交互式原型 artifact(single/1×2/2×2 切换、点击移焦、内联审批)已给用户看过并据此拍板方向。
+
 ### 🔐 TUNNEL AUTOMATION — 零接触隧道注入(客户永不碰证书/密钥;2026-07-08)
 - **计划**: [PLAN_TUNNEL_AUTOMATION.md](./PLAN_TUNNEL_AUTOMATION.md)(design-locked)。目标:host 一条命令 onboard、device 登录一次即在硬件里生成不可导出密钥→CSR→拿证书,**无 .p12/AirDrop,私钥永不离设备**。三轨:A 控制面/PKI、B host agent、C 原生客户端(iOS/Android/desktop)。基础设施(frps/device-CA/frp-client-CA/nginx:8470 mTLS)已在 VPS M1 上线;本工作流建的是**自动化**(签发端点、njs cert→Host 绑定、硬件 keygen、host onboard)。
 - **分支**: `feat/tunnel-automation`(自 develop)。走 **MVP fast-path §7**(10 个 tracked task,见任务表 #1–#10),依赖图强制:A1 crypto → A2 契约 → A3 nginx 绑定为顺序地基,之后按职责(backend/host/iOS)扇出。
diff --git a/public/grid-layout.ts b/public/grid-layout.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..693bea3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/public/grid-layout.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,180 @@
+/**
+ * public/grid-layout.ts — desktop split-grid ("watch board") layout logic + toggle.
+ *
+ * When several sessions are open on a large screen, the user can split #term into
+ * a 2×2 grid (or 1×2 side-by-side) so multiple LIVE terminals are visible at once
+ * — a monitoring/multitasking convenience for vibe-coding several Claude sessions.
+ *
+ * This module owns the PURE layout logic (capacity, which tabs are visible, the
+ * matchMedia desktop gate, persistence) plus the toolbar toggle control. The DOM
+ * of the panes themselves stays in tabs.ts (TabApp) — this keeps tabs.ts from
+ * growing past its size budget and makes the layout math unit-testable in isolation.
+ *
+ * v1 layouts: 'single' (today's behavior) · 'split-2' (side-by-side) · 'grid-4' (2×2).
+ * The design is deliberately extensible: adding 'row-3'/'grid-6' in v2 is a
+ * CAPACITY entry + a LAYOUT_META entry + CSS, with no change to the state model.
+ */
+
+/** A screen layout for the terminal area. Ordered by pane capacity. */
+export type GridLayout = 'single' | 'split-2' | 'grid-4'
+
+/** All layouts, in the order the toggle presents them. */
+export const GRID_LAYOUTS: readonly GridLayout[] = ['single', 'split-2', 'grid-4']
+
+const CAPACITY: Readonly<Record<GridLayout, number>> = {
+  single: 1,
+  'split-2': 2,
+  'grid-4': 4,
+}
+
+/** How many panes a layout shows at once. */
+export function layoutCapacity(layout: GridLayout): number {
+  return CAPACITY[layout] ?? 1
+}
+
+/**
+ * The tab indices visible under `layout`: the first `min(tabCount, capacity)` in
+ * tab order. Membership is controlled by reordering tabs (v1) — drag a tab into
+ * the first N and it joins the board.
+ */
+export function visibleIndices(tabCount: number, layout: GridLayout): number[] {
+  const n = Math.min(Math.max(0, tabCount), layoutCapacity(layout))
+  return Array.from({ length: n }, (_, i) => i)
+}
+
+/**
+ * Whether tab `idx` is on-screen. In 'single' that's only the focused pane; in a
+ * grid it's any of the first-N visible tabs. Used for both rendering and to
+ * suppress OS notifications for panes the user can already see.
+ */
+export function isVisibleIndex(
+  idx: number,
+  activeIndex: number,
+  tabCount: number,
+  layout: GridLayout,
+): boolean {
+  if (layout === 'single') return idx === activeIndex
+  return idx >= 0 && idx < Math.min(Math.max(0, tabCount), layoutCapacity(layout))
+}
+
+/** Minimum viewport width (px) at which multi-pane layouts are offered. Four
+ *  terminals need real width; below this the board falls back to 'single'. */
+export const GRID_MIN_WIDTH = 1024
+
+/** True when the screen is wide enough for split layouts (desktop/large only). */
+export function gridAllowed(): boolean {
+  if (typeof window === 'undefined') return false
+  if (typeof window.matchMedia === 'function') {
+    return window.matchMedia(`(min-width: ${GRID_MIN_WIDTH}px)`).matches
+  }
+  return (window.innerWidth ?? 0) >= GRID_MIN_WIDTH
+}
+
+const GRID_LAYOUT_KEY = 'web-terminal:grid-layout'
+
+function isGridLayout(v: unknown): v is GridLayout {
+  return v === 'single' || v === 'split-2' || v === 'grid-4'
+}
+
+/** Load the persisted layout. Forced to 'single' when the screen is too narrow
+ *  (a stored grid choice must not resurrect on a phone). */
+export function loadGridLayout(): GridLayout {
+  if (!gridAllowed()) return 'single'
+  try {
+    const stored = localStorage.getItem(GRID_LAYOUT_KEY)
+    if (isGridLayout(stored)) return stored
+  } catch {
+    // localStorage unavailable — use default
+  }
+  return 'single'
+}
+
+/** Persist the chosen layout (mirrors the other web-terminal:* prefs). */
+export function saveGridLayout(layout: GridLayout): void {
+  try {
+    localStorage.setItem(GRID_LAYOUT_KEY, layout)
+  } catch {
+    // localStorage unavailable — run without persistence
+  }
+}
+
+export interface GridToggleHooks {
+  getLayout: () => GridLayout
+  setLayout: (layout: GridLayout) => void
+}
+
+export interface GridToggle {
+  /** Re-sync the control's pressed state + visibility (after setLayout / resize). */
+  refresh: () => void
+  dispose: () => void
+}
+
+/** Per-layout label/title for the toggle. The glyph is drawn in CSS from the
+ *  cell count (see makeGlyph), not from a font, so it renders identically everywhere. */
+const LAYOUT_META: Readonly<Record<GridLayout, { title: string; cells: number }>> = {
+  single: { title: 'Single pane', cells: 1 },
+  'split-2': { title: 'Side by side — compare two', cells: 2 },
+  'grid-4': { title: '2×2 watch board', cells: 4 },
+}
+
+/** A small CSS-drawn layout glyph (N cells), reliable across platforms. */
+function makeGlyph(layout: GridLayout): HTMLElement {
+  const g = document.createElement('span')
+  g.className = `grid-glyph gl-${layout}`
+  g.setAttribute('aria-hidden', 'true')
+  for (let i = 0; i < LAYOUT_META[layout].cells; i++) g.appendChild(document.createElement('i'))
+  return g
+}
+
+/**
+ * Mount the layout segmented control into the toolbar. Desktop-only: it hides
+ * below GRID_MIN_WIDTH, and if the window narrows past the threshold while a grid
+ * is active it forces the layout back to 'single' (the caller re-renders).
+ */
+export function mountGridToggle(toolbar: HTMLElement, hooks: GridToggleHooks): GridToggle {
+  const seg = document.createElement('div')
+  seg.className = 'grid-toggle'
+  seg.setAttribute('role', 'group')
+  seg.setAttribute('aria-label', 'Terminal layout')
+
+  const buttons = GRID_LAYOUTS.map((layout) => {
+    const btn = document.createElement('button')
+    btn.className = 'grid-toggle-btn'
+    btn.dataset.layout = layout
+    btn.title = LAYOUT_META[layout].title
+    btn.setAttribute('aria-label', LAYOUT_META[layout].title)
+    btn.appendChild(makeGlyph(layout))
+    btn.addEventListener('click', () => hooks.setLayout(layout))
+    seg.appendChild(btn)
+    return btn
+  })
+
+  const refresh = (): void => {
+    seg.style.display = gridAllowed() ? 'inline-flex' : 'none'
+    const current = hooks.getLayout()
+    for (const btn of buttons) {
+      btn.setAttribute('aria-pressed', String(btn.dataset.layout === current))
+    }
+  }
+
+  const mql =
+    typeof window !== 'undefined' && typeof window.matchMedia === 'function'
+      ? window.matchMedia(`(min-width: ${GRID_MIN_WIDTH}px)`)
+      : null
+  const onChange = (): void => {
+    if (!gridAllowed() && hooks.getLayout() !== 'single') hooks.setLayout('single')
+    refresh()
+  }
+  mql?.addEventListener('change', onChange)
+
+  toolbar.appendChild(seg)
+  refresh()
+
+  return {
+    refresh,
+    dispose: (): void => {
+      mql?.removeEventListener('change', onChange)
+      seg.remove()
+    },
+  }
+}
diff --git a/public/main.ts b/public/main.ts
index 0810ef2..928fec4 100644
--- a/public/main.ts
+++ b/public/main.ts
@@ -20,6 +20,7 @@ import { mountDashboard } from './dashboard.js'
 import { mountHistory } from './history.js'
 import { mountShortcuts } from './shortcuts.js'
 import { mountShareSession } from './share.js'
+import { mountGridToggle } from './grid-layout.js'
 
 const paneHost = document.getElementById('term')
 const tabs = document.getElementById('tabs')
@@ -50,12 +51,12 @@ mountKeybar((data) => app.sendToActive(data), {
   onVoiceTrigger: (action) => app.handleVoiceTrigger(action),
 })
 
-// Multi-device: when this device regains focus, re-assert the active tab's size
-// so a shared session snaps to THIS screen (latest-writer-wins) — full-screen on
-// whichever device you're currently using.
-window.addEventListener('focus', () => app.refitActive())
+// Multi-device: when this device regains focus, re-assert the size of every
+// VISIBLE pane so a shared session snaps to THIS screen (latest-writer-wins) —
+// full-screen on whichever device you're using (all quadrants in a split grid).
+window.addEventListener('focus', () => app.refitVisible())
 document.addEventListener('visibilitychange', () => {
-  if (!document.hidden) app.refitActive()
+  if (!document.hidden) app.refitVisible()
 })
 
 // Toolbar utilities.
@@ -81,6 +82,15 @@ mountHistory(toolbar, {
 mountShortcuts(toolbar)
 mountShareSession(toolbar, () => app.activeSessionId())
 
+// Split-grid layout toggle (desktop-only; hidden below GRID_MIN_WIDTH). The
+// control drives app.setGridLayout and is registered back so a programmatic
+// layout change (e.g. auto-fallback on window narrow) re-syncs its pressed state.
+const gridToggle = mountGridToggle(toolbar, {
+  getLayout: () => app.getGridLayout(),
+  setLayout: (layout) => app.setGridLayout(layout),
+})
+app.setGridToggle(gridToggle)
+
 // Session management lives on the home Sessions chooser now (open / kill /
 // new), so the standalone /manage.html page was removed.
 
diff --git a/public/style.css b/public/style.css
index 0d2c3cc..4b85630 100644
--- a/public/style.css
+++ b/public/style.css
@@ -298,14 +298,276 @@ body {
   background: var(--bg);
   overflow: hidden;
 }
-.term-pane {
+/* Each pane lives in a .term-cell wrapper (header + terminal + optional inline
+ * approve). In single mode the cell fills #term absolutely (only the focused one
+ * is shown) so the classic one-pane look is unchanged; split layouts turn #term
+ * into a CSS grid and the cells flow into tracks. */
+.term-cell {
   position: absolute;
   inset: 0;
+  display: flex;
+  flex-direction: column;
+  min-width: 0;
+  min-height: 0;
+  overflow: hidden;
+}
+.term-pane {
+  position: relative;
+  flex: 1 1 auto;
+  min-height: 0;
   padding: 6px 8px 0;
   box-sizing: border-box;
   overflow: hidden;
 }
 
+/* Cell header + inline-approve footer are hidden in single mode. */
+.cell-head,
+.cell-approve {
+  display: none;
+}
+
+/* ── Split-grid layouts (desktop watch board) ────────────────────────── */
+#term.lay-split-2,
+#term.lay-grid-4 {
+  display: grid;
+  gap: 6px;
+  padding: 6px;
+}
+#term.lay-split-2 {
+  grid-template-columns: 1fr 1fr;
+  grid-template-rows: 1fr;
+}
+#term.lay-grid-4 {
+  grid-template-columns: 1fr 1fr;
+  grid-template-rows: 1fr 1fr;
+}
+#term.lay-split-2 .term-cell,
+#term.lay-grid-4 .term-cell {
+  position: relative;
+  inset: auto;
+  border: 1px solid var(--border);
+  border-radius: var(--radius);
+  background: var(--bg);
+}
+#term.lay-split-2 .cell-head,
+#term.lay-grid-4 .cell-head {
+  display: flex;
+  align-items: center;
+  gap: 8px;
+  padding: 5px 9px;
+  background: linear-gradient(180deg, var(--surface-2), var(--surface-1));
+  border-bottom: 1px solid var(--border);
+  font-size: 12px;
+  cursor: pointer;
+  user-select: none;
+}
+.cell-name {
+  font-weight: 600;
+  color: var(--text);
+  white-space: nowrap;
+  overflow: hidden;
+  text-overflow: ellipsis;
+}
+.cell-status {
+  margin-left: auto;
+  font-size: 11px;
+  color: var(--text-dim);
+  white-space: nowrap;
+}
+.cell-status.cs-working {
+  color: var(--amber);
+}
+.cell-status.cs-waiting {
+  color: var(--accent);
+}
+.cell-status.cs-idle {
+  color: var(--green);
+}
+.cell-status.cs-stuck {
+  color: var(--red);
+}
+
+/* Focus ring — the quadrant that owns keyboard / keybar / voice / approvals. */
+#term.lay-split-2 .term-cell.focused,
+#term.lay-grid-4 .term-cell.focused {
+  border-color: var(--accent);
+  box-shadow:
+    0 0 0 1px var(--accent),
+    var(--shadow);
+}
+/* Pending glow — a non-focused quadrant is waiting for approval. */
+#term.lay-split-2 .term-cell.pending:not(.focused),
+#term.lay-grid-4 .term-cell.pending:not(.focused) {
+  border-color: var(--amber);
+  animation: cell-pending 2.4s ease-in-out infinite;
+}
+@keyframes cell-pending {
+  0%,
+  100% {
+    box-shadow: 0 0 0 1px rgba(245, 177, 76, 0.35);
+  }
+  50% {
+    box-shadow:
+      0 0 0 1px rgba(245, 177, 76, 0.7),
+      0 0 26px -8px rgba(245, 177, 76, 0.6);
+  }
+}
+@media (prefers-reduced-motion: reduce) {
+  #term.lay-split-2 .term-cell.pending,
+  #term.lay-grid-4 .term-cell.pending {
+    animation: none;
+  }
+}
+
+/* Inline per-quadrant approve footer. */
+#term.lay-split-2 .cell-approve,
+#term.lay-grid-4 .cell-approve {
+  display: flex;
+  align-items: center;
+  gap: 8px;
+  padding: 6px 9px;
+  background: rgba(245, 177, 76, 0.08);
+  border-top: 1px solid rgba(245, 177, 76, 0.35);
+  font-size: 11.5px;
+}
+.cell-approve-label {
+  color: var(--amber);
+  white-space: nowrap;
+  overflow: hidden;
+  text-overflow: ellipsis;
+}
+.cell-approve-btns {
+  margin-left: auto;
+  display: flex;
+  gap: 6px;
+}
+.cell-approve-yes,
+.cell-approve-no {
+  border: 0;
+  border-radius: 6px;
+  padding: 3px 11px;
+  font-size: 12px;
+  font-weight: 600;
+  cursor: pointer;
+}
+.cell-approve-yes {
+  background: var(--green);
+  color: #06231a;
+}
+.cell-approve-no {
+  background: var(--surface-3);
+  color: var(--text-dim);
+}
+.cell-approve-yes:hover {
+  filter: brightness(1.1);
+}
+.cell-approve-no:hover {
+  color: var(--text);
+}
+
+/* Empty-slot placeholder (fewer sessions than the layout holds). */
+.term-cell.slot-empty {
+  border: 1px dashed var(--border-strong);
+  background: repeating-linear-gradient(
+    -45deg,
+    transparent,
+    transparent 10px,
+    rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.02) 10px,
+    rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.02) 20px
+  );
+  align-items: center;
+  justify-content: center;
+  cursor: pointer;
+}
+.term-cell.slot-empty:hover {
+  border-color: var(--accent);
+}
+.slot-new {
+  display: flex;
+  flex-direction: column;
+  align-items: center;
+  gap: 6px;
+  background: none;
+  border: 0;
+  color: var(--text-faint);
+  font-size: 12px;
+  font-family: var(--ui-font);
+  cursor: pointer;
+}
+.slot-new b {
+  font-size: 26px;
+  font-weight: 300;
+  line-height: 1;
+  color: var(--text-dim);
+}
+.term-cell.slot-empty:hover .slot-new {
+  color: var(--text-dim);
+}
+
+/* ── Grid-toggle segmented control (toolbar) ─────────────────────────── */
+.grid-toggle {
+  display: inline-flex;
+  align-items: center;
+  gap: 2px;
+  margin-left: 4px;
+  padding: 2px;
+  background: var(--surface-2);
+  border: 1px solid var(--border);
+  border-radius: 8px;
+}
+.grid-toggle-btn {
+  display: inline-flex;
+  align-items: center;
+  justify-content: center;
+  width: 28px;
+  height: 26px;
+  padding: 0;
+  border: 0;
+  border-radius: 6px;
+  background: transparent;
+  color: var(--text-faint);
+  cursor: pointer;
+}
+.grid-toggle-btn:hover {
+  color: var(--text);
+  background: var(--surface-3);
+}
+.grid-toggle-btn[aria-pressed='true'] {
+  color: var(--on-accent);
+  background: var(--accent);
+}
+.grid-glyph {
+  display: grid;
+  gap: 1.5px;
+  width: 14px;
+  height: 12px;
+}
+.grid-glyph.gl-single {
+  grid-template-columns: 1fr;
+}
+.grid-glyph.gl-split-2 {
+  grid-template-columns: 1fr 1fr;
+}
+.grid-glyph.gl-grid-4 {
+  grid-template-columns: 1fr 1fr;
+  grid-template-rows: 1fr 1fr;
+}
+.grid-glyph i {
+  background: currentColor;
+  border-radius: 1px;
+}
+/* Touch tablets clear the 1024px width gate but need bigger tap targets — mirror
+ * the project's existing coarse-pointer bump for the tab/key bars. */
+@media (pointer: coarse) {
+  .grid-toggle {
+    gap: 3px;
+  }
+  .grid-toggle-btn {
+    width: 36px;
+    height: 34px;
+  }
+}
+
 /* ── Key bar (rounded chips) ─────────────────────────────────────── */
 #keybar {
   position: fixed;
diff --git a/public/tabs.ts b/public/tabs.ts
index 80a8db0..5abe995 100644
--- a/public/tabs.ts
+++ b/public/tabs.ts
@@ -34,6 +34,14 @@ import { mountTimeline, type TimelineHandle } from './timeline.js'
 import { createVoiceInput, type VoiceInput } from './voice.js'
 import { matchCommand, type VoiceMatchContext } from './voice-commands.js'
 import { createApproveConfirm, type ApproveConfirm } from './voice-confirm.js'
+import {
+  type GridLayout,
+  type GridToggle,
+  isVisibleIndex,
+  layoutCapacity,
+  loadGridLayout,
+  saveGridLayout,
+} from './grid-layout.js'
 
 const TABS_KEY = 'web-terminal:tabs'
 const ACTIVE_KEY = 'web-terminal:active'
@@ -59,6 +67,9 @@ interface TabEntry {
   autoTitle: string | null // current folder from the terminal title
   hasActivity: boolean // inactive tab got output since last viewed
   el: HTMLDivElement | null // the .tab element (updated in place)
+  // Split-grid: the .term-cell wrapper around session.el (header + terminal +
+  // optional inline-approve footer). One per tab; the grid lays these out.
+  cell: HTMLDivElement | null
   // A4: live timeline handle while this tab's timeline is open (disposed on
   // switch/close). Telemetry is NOT cached here — refreshTab reads the single
   // source of truth session.telemetry (review #15).
@@ -93,6 +104,11 @@ export class TabApp {
   private readonly projects: ProjectsPanel
   private homeView: HomeView = 'sessions'
   private readonly segControl: HTMLElement
+  // Split-grid ("watch board") state. Layout persists in localStorage; the
+  // toolbar toggle (mounted in main.ts) drives setGridLayout and is refreshed
+  // back via gridToggle. 'single' preserves the original one-pane behavior.
+  private gridLayout: GridLayout = 'single'
+  private gridToggle: GridToggle | null = null
   // When true, the home chooser is overlaid on top of the open tabs (so you can
   // jump back to Sessions/Projects without closing anything). Reset whenever a
   // tab is activated. Irrelevant while no tab is open (home shows regardless).
@@ -142,6 +158,10 @@ export class TabApp {
     this.segControl = this.buildSegControl()
     this.paneHost.appendChild(this.segControl)
 
+    // Split-grid: restore the persisted layout (forced to 'single' on screens
+    // too narrow for a multi-pane board — see loadGridLayout).
+    this.gridLayout = loadGridLayout()
+
     // v0.7 Walk-away Workbench panels (mounted once; survive tab rebuilds):
     this.setupPushToggle() // A1 🔔
     this.setupQuickReply() // A3 chips above the key bar
@@ -247,8 +267,7 @@ export class TabApp {
     document.body.classList.toggle('home-open', showHome)
 
     if (showHome) {
-      // Overlay home: hide every terminal pane so the chooser is on top.
-      for (const t of this.tabs) t.session.hide()
+      // Overlay home: the chooser is on top; applyLayout hides every pane below.
       this.segControl.style.display = 'flex'
       this.launcher.setVisible(this.homeView === 'sessions')
       this.projects.setVisible(this.homeView === 'projects')
@@ -257,6 +276,10 @@ export class TabApp {
       this.launcher.setVisible(false)
       this.projects.setVisible(false)
     }
+
+    // Pane/cell visibility, the grid layout class, focus ring and placeholders
+    // are all owned by applyLayout — home just decides whether panes show at all.
+    this.applyLayout(showHome)
   }
 
   /** Toggle the home chooser overlay over the open tabs (the ⌂ button). No-op
@@ -630,13 +653,20 @@ export class TabApp {
       onClaudeStatus: (status) => {
         this.refreshTab(entry)
         this.updateApprovalBar()
-        // Notify when a background tab needs approval (H2/H4).
-        if (status === 'waiting' && this.tabs.indexOf(entry) !== this.activeIndex) {
+        // Notify only when a tab that needs approval is NOT on screen. In a split
+        // grid an on-board quadrant is visible and glows amber in place, so an OS
+        // notification would be redundant — but a pane hidden behind the ⌂ home
+        // overlay is NOT on screen even if isVisible() (which only knows the
+        // layout) would say so, so factor in homeForced too.
+        const onScreen = !this.homeForced && this.isVisible(this.tabs.indexOf(entry))
+        if (status === 'waiting' && !onScreen) {
           this.notify(entry)
         }
       },
       // B2: telemetry is the single source of truth on the session; just re-render.
       onTelemetry: () => this.refreshTab(entry),
+      // Split-grid: clicking anywhere in this pane makes it the focused quadrant.
+      onFocus: () => this.setFocused(this.tabs.indexOf(entry)),
     })
     entry = {
       session,
@@ -644,9 +674,20 @@ export class TabApp {
       autoTitle: null,
       hasActivity: false,
       el: null,
+      cell: null,
       timelineHandle: null,
     }
-    this.paneHost.appendChild(session.el)
+    // Wrap the pane in a grid cell (header + terminal + optional inline-approve).
+    // The header is hidden by CSS in single mode, so the classic one-pane look is
+    // unchanged; in a grid it labels each quadrant and carries the focus ring.
+    const cell = document.createElement('div')
+    cell.className = 'term-cell'
+    cell.style.display = 'none'
+    const head = this.buildCellHead()
+    head.addEventListener('pointerdown', () => this.setFocused(this.tabs.indexOf(entry)))
+    cell.append(head, session.el)
+    entry.cell = cell
+    this.paneHost.appendChild(cell)
     this.tabs.push(entry)
     session.applyTheme(THEMES[this.settings.theme] ?? THEMES['dark']!, this.settings.fontSize)
     session.connect()
@@ -697,13 +738,24 @@ export class TabApp {
 
   activate(i: number): void {
     if (i < 0 || i >= this.tabs.length) return
+    // Board-aware focus: in a split grid the focused pane must be ON the board,
+    // else keybar/voice/approval would target an invisible (display:none) session
+    // with no focus ring. Pull an off-board tab onto the last slot first, then
+    // resolve its new index. (Single mode has no board, so this is a no-op.)
+    if (this.gridLayout !== 'single' && !this.isVisible(i)) {
+      const entry = this.tabs[i]
+      this.moveTab(i, layoutCapacity(this.gridLayout) - 1)
+      i = entry ? this.tabs.indexOf(entry) : layoutCapacity(this.gridLayout) - 1
+    }
     this.maybeAskNotify() // first switch is a user gesture — request notif permission
     this.homeForced = false // showing a terminal dismisses any home overlay
     this.activeIndex = i
     const entry = this.tabs[i]
     if (entry) entry.hasActivity = false // viewing clears the unread dot
-    this.tabs.forEach((t, idx) => (idx === i ? t.session.show() : t.session.hide()))
     this.tabs.forEach((t) => this.refreshTab(t)) // in-place class/text update, no rebuild
+    // Pane show/hide + focus is owned by applyLayout (via updateHomeView): in
+    // single mode only the active pane shows; in a grid the first-N show and the
+    // active one is the focused quadrant.
     this.updateHomeView() // hide the seg control + home panels now a tab is active
     this.updateApprovalBar()
     if (this.timelineOpen) this.openTimelineForActive() // A4: follow the active session
@@ -714,7 +766,8 @@ export class TabApp {
     if (i < 0 || i >= this.tabs.length) return
     const [entry] = this.tabs.splice(i, 1)
     entry?.timelineHandle?.dispose() // A4: stop polling for the closed tab
-    entry?.session.dispose()
+    entry?.session.dispose() // removes session.el (the .term-pane)
+    entry?.cell?.remove() // also drop the grid cell wrapper
     if (this.editingIndex === i) this.editingIndex = -1
     if (this.tabs.length === 0) {
       // v0.5: closing the last tab returns to the home screen — no auto-blank tab.
@@ -824,12 +877,216 @@ export class TabApp {
     new Notification(`Claude needs you — ${title}`, { body: 'Waiting for approval' })
   }
 
+  /* ── split-grid (watch board) ────────────────────────────────────── */
+
+  /** Whether tab `idx` is on-screen (the focused pane in single mode; any of the
+   *  first-N in a grid). Also gates OS-notification suppression. */
+  private isVisible(idx: number): boolean {
+    return isVisibleIndex(idx, this.activeIndex, this.tabs.length, this.gridLayout)
+  }
+
+  /** Make tab `idx` the focused pane (via the board-aware activate). */
+  private setFocused(idx: number): void {
+    if (idx < 0 || idx >= this.tabs.length) return
+    if (idx === this.activeIndex) return // already focused — avoid churn
+    this.activate(idx) // activate() pulls an off-board tab onto the grid first
+  }
+
+  /** The current split-grid layout (for the toolbar toggle). */
+  getGridLayout(): GridLayout {
+    return this.gridLayout
+  }
+
+  /** Switch layout (from the toolbar toggle). Persists, keeps the focused pane
+   *  on-board under a smaller capacity, then re-renders. */
+  setGridLayout(layout: GridLayout): void {
+    if (layout === this.gridLayout) {
+      this.gridToggle?.refresh()
+      return
+    }
+    this.gridLayout = layout
+    saveGridLayout(layout)
+    // Re-activate the focused pane under the new layout: activate() is board-aware,
+    // so if the capacity shrank and the pane is now off-board it gets pulled on;
+    // otherwise it's just a re-render. With no active tab (home), re-apply the class.
+    if (this.activeIndex >= 0 && this.activeIndex < this.tabs.length) {
+      this.activate(this.activeIndex)
+    } else {
+      this.updateHomeView()
+    }
+    this.gridToggle?.refresh()
+  }
+
+  /** Register the toolbar toggle so setGridLayout can re-sync its pressed state. */
+  setGridToggle(toggle: GridToggle): void {
+    this.gridToggle = toggle
+  }
+
+  /** Re-assert every VISIBLE pane's size (latest-writer-wins) when this device
+   *  regains focus — in a grid all visible quadrants reclaim size, not just the
+   *  focused one. */
+  refitVisible(): void {
+    this.tabs.forEach((entry, idx) => {
+      if (this.isVisible(idx)) entry.session.refit()
+    })
+  }
+
+  /** Show/hide panes, set the grid class, order cells, and render placeholders.
+   *  Single source of pane visibility (called via updateHomeView). */
+  private applyLayout(showHome: boolean): void {
+    const layout: GridLayout = showHome ? 'single' : this.gridLayout
+    this.paneHost.classList.remove('lay-single', 'lay-split-2', 'lay-grid-4')
+    this.paneHost.classList.add(`lay-${layout}`)
+
+    const cap = layoutCapacity(this.gridLayout)
+    const visibleCount = showHome ? 0 : Math.min(this.tabs.length, cap)
+
+    this.tabs.forEach((entry, idx) => {
+      const cell = entry.cell
+      if (!cell) return
+      const visible = !showHome && this.isVisible(idx)
+      cell.style.order = String(idx) // grid places visible cells in tab order
+      if (visible) {
+        cell.style.display = 'flex'
+        entry.session.show({ focus: idx === this.activeIndex })
+      } else {
+        cell.style.display = 'none'
+        entry.session.hide()
+      }
+      this.renderCell(entry)
+    })
+
+    // Fill empty grid slots (fewer sessions than the layout holds) with a
+    // "+ New session" placeholder so the board reads as a fixed N-up grid.
+    const placeholders =
+      showHome || this.gridLayout === 'single' ? 0 : Math.max(0, cap - visibleCount)
+    this.renderPlaceholders(placeholders, visibleCount)
+  }
+
+  /** Replace the placeholder cells with `count` new ones ordered after the panes. */
+  private renderPlaceholders(count: number, startOrder: number): void {
+    this.paneHost.querySelectorAll('.term-cell.slot-empty').forEach((e) => e.remove())
+    for (let i = 0; i < count; i++) {
+      const slot = document.createElement('div')
+      slot.className = 'term-cell slot-empty'
+      slot.style.order = String(startOrder + i)
+      const btn = document.createElement('button')
+      btn.type = 'button'
+      btn.className = 'slot-new'
+      const plus = document.createElement('b')
+      plus.textContent = '+'
+      const label = document.createElement('span')
+      label.textContent = 'New session'
+      btn.append(plus, label)
+      btn.addEventListener('click', () => this.newTab())
+      slot.appendChild(btn)
+      this.paneHost.appendChild(slot)
+    }
+  }
+
+  /** Build a cell header (name + Claude-status chip). Hidden by CSS in single mode. */
+  private buildCellHead(): HTMLDivElement {
+    const head = document.createElement('div')
+    head.className = 'cell-head'
+    const name = document.createElement('span')
+    name.className = 'cell-name'
+    const status = document.createElement('span')
+    status.className = 'cell-status'
+    head.append(name, status)
+    return head
+  }
+
+  /** Sync one cell's header text, focus ring, pending glow, and inline approve. */
+  private renderCell(entry: TabEntry): void {
+    const cell = entry.cell
+    if (!cell) return
+    const idx = this.tabs.indexOf(entry)
+    const focused = idx === this.activeIndex
+    const grid = this.gridLayout !== 'single' && !this.homeForced && this.tabs.length > 0
+    cell.classList.toggle('focused', grid && focused)
+    cell.classList.toggle('pending', grid && entry.session.pendingApproval)
+
+    const nameEl = cell.querySelector('.cell-name')
+    if (nameEl) nameEl.textContent = this.displayTitle(entry, idx)
+    const chip = cell.querySelector<HTMLElement>('.cell-status')
+    if (chip) {
+      const cs = entry.session.claudeStatus
+      chip.className = `cell-status cs-${cs}`
+      const glyph = claudeIcon(cs)
+      chip.textContent = cs === 'unknown' ? '' : glyph ? `${glyph} ${cs}` : cs
+    }
+    this.renderInlineApprove(entry, cell, idx, focused, grid)
+  }
+
+  /** Inline ✓/✗ footer for a visible NON-focused quadrant with a simple 'tool'
+   *  gate. The focused pane uses the global approval bar (which also handles the
+   *  3-choice 'plan' gate); a non-focused 'plan' gate just glows amber — click to
+   *  focus and resolve via the bar. */
+  private renderInlineApprove(
+    entry: TabEntry,
+    cell: HTMLDivElement,
+    idx: number,
+    focused: boolean,
+    grid: boolean,
+  ): void {
+    const session = entry.session
+    const wantInline =
+      grid &&
+      !focused &&
+      this.isVisible(idx) &&
+      session.pendingApproval &&
+      session.pendingGate === 'tool'
+
+    let footer = cell.querySelector<HTMLElement>('.cell-approve')
+    if (!wantInline) {
+      footer?.remove()
+      return
+    }
+    if (!footer) {
+      footer = document.createElement('div')
+      footer.className = 'cell-approve'
+      footer.addEventListener('pointerdown', (e) => e.stopPropagation()) // don't refocus
+      const label = document.createElement('span')
+      label.className = 'cell-approve-label'
+      const btns = document.createElement('span')
+      btns.className = 'cell-approve-btns'
+      const yes = document.createElement('button')
+      yes.type = 'button'
+      yes.className = 'cell-approve-yes'
+      yes.textContent = '✓'
+      yes.title = 'Approve'
+      yes.addEventListener('click', () => {
+        session.approve()
+        this.updateApprovalBar()
+        this.renderCell(entry)
+      })
+      const no = document.createElement('button')
+      no.type = 'button'
+      no.className = 'cell-approve-no'
+      no.textContent = '✗'
+      no.title = 'Reject'
+      no.addEventListener('click', () => {
+        session.reject()
+        this.updateApprovalBar()
+        this.renderCell(entry)
+      })
+      btns.append(yes, no)
+      footer.append(label, btns)
+      cell.appendChild(footer)
+    }
+    const label = footer.querySelector('.cell-approve-label')
+    if (label) label.textContent = session.pendingTool ? `Approve ${session.pendingTool}?` : 'Approve?'
+  }
+
   /* ── rendering ───────────────────────────────────────────────────── */
 
   /** In-place update of one tab's classes/label/dot/gauge (never destroys DOM).
    *  Single `refreshTab` owner for status dot, stuck badge (A5) and telemetry
    *  gauge (B2), per SP10/M4. */
   private refreshTab(entry: TabEntry): void {
+    // Keep the grid cell (header text, focus ring, pending glow, inline approve)
+    // in sync too — independent of whether the tab-bar element exists yet.
+    this.renderCell(entry)
     const el = entry.el
     if (!el) return
     const idx = this.tabs.indexOf(entry)
diff --git a/public/terminal-session.ts b/public/terminal-session.ts
index d1f28f4..4a2797d 100644
--- a/public/terminal-session.ts
+++ b/public/terminal-session.ts
@@ -66,6 +66,9 @@ export interface TerminalSessionOpts {
   /** Optional: fired when new statusLine telemetry arrives (B2). Single source of
    *  truth — T-tabs reads session.telemetry via the getter, not its own copy. */
   onTelemetry?: (telemetry: StatusTelemetry) => void
+  /** Optional: fired on a pointerdown anywhere in this pane (split-grid focus).
+   *  Lets TabApp move the focused-pane (activeIndex) to the clicked quadrant. */
+  onFocus?: () => void
   /** Optional: spawn a NEW session in this directory ("new tab here", M6). */
   cwd?: string
   /** Optional: type this once the new session's shell is ready (O2 resume). */
@@ -85,6 +88,7 @@ export class TerminalSession {
   private readonly onStatus: ((status: SessionStatus) => void) | undefined
   private readonly onClaudeStatus: ((status: ClaudeStatus, detail?: string) => void) | undefined
   private readonly onTelemetry: ((telemetry: StatusTelemetry) => void) | undefined
+  private readonly onFocus: (() => void) | undefined
   private readonly spawnCwd: string | undefined
   private readonly initialInput: string | undefined
   private initialSent = false
@@ -121,12 +125,16 @@ export class TerminalSession {
     this.onStatus = opts.onStatus
     this.onClaudeStatus = opts.onClaudeStatus
     this.onTelemetry = opts.onTelemetry
+    this.onFocus = opts.onFocus
     this.spawnCwd = opts.cwd
     this.initialInput = opts.initialInput
 
     this.el = document.createElement('div')
     this.el.className = 'term-pane'
     this.el.style.display = 'none'
+    // Split-grid: a pointerdown anywhere in the pane makes it the focused quadrant.
+    // Capture phase so it fires before xterm's own handling; never blocks input.
+    this.el.addEventListener('pointerdown', () => this.onFocus?.(), { capture: true })
 
     this.term = new Terminal({
       scrollback: 5000,
@@ -403,13 +411,18 @@ export class TerminalSession {
     }
   }
 
-  /** Make this pane visible, fit it, and focus it. */
-  show(): void {
+  /**
+   * Make this pane visible and fit it. Focuses the terminal unless `focus: false`
+   * — in a split grid several panes are shown at once, so only the focused
+   * quadrant should grab keyboard focus (four panes calling focus() would fight).
+   */
+  show(opts?: { focus?: boolean }): void {
     this.el.style.display = 'block'
+    const shouldFocus = opts?.focus !== false
     requestAnimationFrame(() => {
       const dims = this.safefit()
       if (dims !== null) this.sendResize(dims.cols, dims.rows)
-      this.term.focus()
+      if (shouldFocus) this.term.focus()
     })
   }
 
diff --git a/test/grid-layout.test.ts b/test/grid-layout.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8eb81a9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/grid-layout.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,184 @@
+// @vitest-environment jsdom
+/**
+ * test/grid-layout.test.ts — split-grid layout logic + toolbar toggle.
+ *
+ * Covers the pure layout math (capacity, visible set, isVisible), the desktop
+ * matchMedia gate, localStorage persistence (incl. the narrow-screen force-single
+ * rule), and the segmented toggle control (pressed state, click → setLayout,
+ * hide-when-too-narrow, and the auto-fallback-to-single on window narrow).
+ */
+
+import { describe, it, expect, vi, beforeEach, afterEach } from 'vitest'
+import {
+  type GridLayout,
+  GRID_LAYOUTS,
+  GRID_MIN_WIDTH,
+  layoutCapacity,
+  visibleIndices,
+  isVisibleIndex,
+  gridAllowed,
+  loadGridLayout,
+  saveGridLayout,
+  mountGridToggle,
+} from '../public/grid-layout.js'
+
+const KEY = 'web-terminal:grid-layout'
+
+/** Install a matchMedia stub whose `(min-width: N)` matches iff width >= N.
+ *  Returns a fire() to simulate a viewport resize crossing the threshold. */
+function stubMatchMedia(width: number): { setWidth: (w: number) => void } {
+  let current = width
+  const lists: Array<{ q: string; list: { matches: boolean }; cbs: Array<() => void> }> = []
+  const parse = (q: string): number => Number(/min-width:\s*(\d+)px/.exec(q)?.[1] ?? '0')
+  window.matchMedia = ((q: string) => {
+    const cbs: Array<() => void> = []
+    const list = {
+      get matches() {
+        return current >= parse(q)
+      },
+      media: q,
+      addEventListener: (_t: string, cb: () => void) => cbs.push(cb),
+      removeEventListener: (_t: string, cb: () => void) => {
+        const i = cbs.indexOf(cb)
+        if (i >= 0) cbs.splice(i, 1)
+      },
+      addListener: (cb: () => void) => cbs.push(cb),
+      removeListener: () => {},
+      dispatchEvent: () => true,
+      onchange: null,
+    }
+    lists.push({ q, list, cbs })
+    return list
+  }) as unknown as typeof window.matchMedia
+  return {
+    setWidth: (w: number) => {
+      current = w
+      for (const { cbs } of lists) for (const cb of cbs) cb()
+    },
+  }
+}
+
+describe('grid-layout: pure logic', () => {
+  it('layoutCapacity maps each layout to its pane count', () => {
+    expect(layoutCapacity('single')).toBe(1)
+    expect(layoutCapacity('split-2')).toBe(2)
+    expect(layoutCapacity('grid-4')).toBe(4)
+  })
+
+  it('GRID_LAYOUTS is ordered single → split-2 → grid-4', () => {
+    expect(GRID_LAYOUTS).toEqual(['single', 'split-2', 'grid-4'])
+  })
+
+  it('visibleIndices returns the first min(tabCount, capacity) indices', () => {
+    expect(visibleIndices(0, 'grid-4')).toEqual([])
+    expect(visibleIndices(3, 'grid-4')).toEqual([0, 1, 2])
+    expect(visibleIndices(9, 'grid-4')).toEqual([0, 1, 2, 3])
+    expect(visibleIndices(9, 'split-2')).toEqual([0, 1])
+    expect(visibleIndices(9, 'single')).toEqual([0])
+  })
+
+  it('isVisibleIndex: single mode shows only the active pane', () => {
+    expect(isVisibleIndex(2, 2, 5, 'single')).toBe(true)
+    expect(isVisibleIndex(0, 2, 5, 'single')).toBe(false)
+  })
+
+  it('isVisibleIndex: grid shows the first-N regardless of which is active', () => {
+    expect(isVisibleIndex(0, 3, 9, 'grid-4')).toBe(true)
+    expect(isVisibleIndex(3, 3, 9, 'grid-4')).toBe(true)
+    expect(isVisibleIndex(4, 3, 9, 'grid-4')).toBe(false) // off-board
+    expect(isVisibleIndex(2, 0, 9, 'split-2')).toBe(false)
+  })
+})
+
+describe('grid-layout: gate + persistence', () => {
+  beforeEach(() => {
+    localStorage.clear()
+  })
+  afterEach(() => {
+    vi.restoreAllMocks()
+    // @ts-expect-error — reset the stub between tests
+    delete window.matchMedia
+  })
+
+  it('gridAllowed is true at/above GRID_MIN_WIDTH and false below', () => {
+    stubMatchMedia(GRID_MIN_WIDTH)
+    expect(gridAllowed()).toBe(true)
+    stubMatchMedia(GRID_MIN_WIDTH - 1)
+    expect(gridAllowed()).toBe(false)
+  })
+
+  it('saveGridLayout + loadGridLayout round-trips on a wide screen', () => {
+    stubMatchMedia(1440)
+    saveGridLayout('grid-4')
+    expect(localStorage.getItem(KEY)).toBe('grid-4')
+    expect(loadGridLayout()).toBe('grid-4')
+  })
+
+  it('loadGridLayout forces single on a narrow screen (no grid on a phone)', () => {
+    stubMatchMedia(1440)
+    saveGridLayout('grid-4')
+    stubMatchMedia(800) // window shrank / opened on a small device
+    expect(loadGridLayout()).toBe('single')
+  })
+
+  it('loadGridLayout ignores a garbage stored value', () => {
+    stubMatchMedia(1440)
+    localStorage.setItem(KEY, 'not-a-layout')
+    expect(loadGridLayout()).toBe('single')
+  })
+})
+
+describe('grid-layout: mountGridToggle', () => {
+  let toolbar: HTMLElement
+  beforeEach(() => {
+    localStorage.clear()
+    toolbar = document.createElement('div')
+    document.body.appendChild(toolbar)
+  })
+  afterEach(() => {
+    toolbar.remove()
+    // @ts-expect-error — reset the stub
+    delete window.matchMedia
+  })
+
+  it('renders one button per layout with the current one pressed', () => {
+    stubMatchMedia(1440)
+    let layout: GridLayout = 'split-2'
+    mountGridToggle(toolbar, { getLayout: () => layout, setLayout: (l) => (layout = l) })
+    const btns = toolbar.querySelectorAll<HTMLButtonElement>('.grid-toggle-btn')
+    expect(btns).toHaveLength(GRID_LAYOUTS.length)
+    const pressed = [...btns].filter((b) => b.getAttribute('aria-pressed') === 'true')
+    expect(pressed).toHaveLength(1)
+    expect(pressed[0]!.dataset.layout).toBe('split-2')
+  })
+
+  it('clicking a button calls setLayout with that layout', () => {
+    stubMatchMedia(1440)
+    const setLayout = vi.fn()
+    mountGridToggle(toolbar, { getLayout: () => 'single', setLayout })
+    const grid = toolbar.querySelector<HTMLButtonElement>('.grid-toggle-btn[data-layout="grid-4"]')!
+    grid.click()
+    expect(setLayout).toHaveBeenCalledWith('grid-4')
+  })
+
+  it('is hidden below the desktop threshold', () => {
+    stubMatchMedia(800)
+    mountGridToggle(toolbar, { getLayout: () => 'single', setLayout: vi.fn() })
+    const seg = toolbar.querySelector<HTMLElement>('.grid-toggle')!
+    expect(seg.style.display).toBe('none')
+  })
+
+  it('forces single + hides itself when the window narrows past the threshold', () => {
+    const mm = stubMatchMedia(1440)
+    let layout: GridLayout = 'grid-4'
+    const setLayout = vi.fn((l: GridLayout) => {
+      layout = l
+    })
+    mountGridToggle(toolbar, { getLayout: () => layout, setLayout })
+    const seg = toolbar.querySelector<HTMLElement>('.grid-toggle')!
+    expect(seg.style.display).toBe('inline-flex')
+    mm.setWidth(700) // simulate a resize below the threshold
+    expect(setLayout).toHaveBeenCalledWith('single')
+    expect(seg.style.display).toBe('none')
+  })
+})
diff --git a/test/tabs.test.ts b/test/tabs.test.ts
index 712ba04..f8632bb 100644
--- a/test/tabs.test.ts
+++ b/test/tabs.test.ts
@@ -1032,3 +1032,240 @@ describe('TabApp — VC voice command mapping (context-gated confirm/reject)', (
     expect(session.approve).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1)
   })
 })
+
+describe('TabApp — split-grid watch board (v1)', () => {
+  /** Open `n` tabs and return the TabApp + its paneHost/tabBar. */
+  function withTabs(n: number): {
+    app: InstanceType<typeof TabApp>
+    paneHost: HTMLElement
+    tabBar: HTMLElement
+  } {
+    const { paneHost, tabBar } = makeHosts()
+    const app = new TabApp(paneHost, tabBar)
+    for (let i = 0; i < n; i++) app.newTab()
+    return { app, paneHost, tabBar }
+  }
+  const realCells = (host: HTMLElement): HTMLElement[] =>
+    [...host.querySelectorAll<HTMLElement>('.term-cell:not(.slot-empty)')]
+  const visibleReal = (host: HTMLElement): HTMLElement[] =>
+    realCells(host).filter((c) => c.style.display !== 'none')
+
+  it('defaults to single layout — one visible cell, no grid class, no placeholders', () => {
+    const { paneHost } = withTabs(3)
+    expect(paneHost.classList.contains('lay-single')).toBe(true)
+    expect(visibleReal(paneHost)).toHaveLength(1)
+    expect(paneHost.querySelectorAll('.slot-empty')).toHaveLength(0)
+  })
+
+  it('setGridLayout("grid-4") applies the class, persists, and getGridLayout reflects it', () => {
+    const { app, paneHost } = withTabs(2)
+    app.setGridLayout('grid-4')
+    expect(app.getGridLayout()).toBe('grid-4')
+    expect(paneHost.classList.contains('lay-grid-4')).toBe(true)
+    expect(localStorage.getItem('web-terminal:grid-layout')).toBe('grid-4')
+  })
+
+  it('grid-4 with 2 tabs shows 2 live cells + 2 empty placeholders', () => {
+    const { app, paneHost } = withTabs(2)
+    app.setGridLayout('grid-4')
+    expect(visibleReal(paneHost)).toHaveLength(2)
+    expect(paneHost.querySelectorAll('.slot-empty')).toHaveLength(2)
+  })
+
+  it('grid-4 with 5 tabs shows exactly the first 4, none as placeholders', () => {
+    const { app, paneHost } = withTabs(5)
+    app.focusTab(0)
+    app.setGridLayout('grid-4')
+    expect(visibleReal(paneHost)).toHaveLength(4)
+    expect(paneHost.querySelectorAll('.slot-empty')).toHaveLength(0)
+  })
+
+  it('exactly one visible cell carries the focus ring', () => {
+    const { app, paneHost } = withTabs(3)
+    app.setGridLayout('grid-4')
+    expect(paneHost.querySelectorAll('.term-cell.focused')).toHaveLength(1)
+  })
+
+  it('clicking a quadrant (onFocus) moves the focus ring to it', () => {
+    const { app, paneHost } = withTabs(3)
+    app.focusTab(0)
+    app.setGridLayout('grid-4')
+    // Simulate a pointerdown inside tab 2's pane.
+    const inst2 = FakeTerminalSession.instances[2]!
+    ;(inst2.cbs as { onFocus?: () => void }).onFocus?.()
+    const focused = paneHost.querySelector<HTMLElement>('.term-cell.focused .cell-name')
+    expect(focused?.textContent).toBe('Term 3')
+  })
+
+  it('a non-focused pending tool-gate quadrant shows inline ✓/✗ that resolve it', () => {
+    const { app, paneHost } = withTabs(2)
+    app.focusTab(1) // focus tab 1; tab 0 is the background quadrant
+    app.setGridLayout('grid-4')
+    const bg = FakeTerminalSession.instances[0]!
+    bg.pendingApproval = true
+    bg.pendingGate = 'tool'
+    bg.pendingTool = 'Bash'
+    bg.claudeStatus = 'waiting'
+    bg.cbs.onClaudeStatus?.('waiting')
+
+    const cell0 = realCells(paneHost)[0]!
+    const approve = cell0.querySelector<HTMLButtonElement>('.cell-approve-yes')
+    const reject = cell0.querySelector<HTMLButtonElement>('.cell-approve-no')
+    expect(approve).not.toBeNull()
+    approve!.click()
+    expect(bg.approve).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1)
+    reject!.click()
+    expect(bg.reject).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1)
+  })
+
+  it('the FOCUSED pending pane gets no inline footer (it uses the global bar)', () => {
+    const { app, paneHost } = withTabs(2)
+    app.setGridLayout('grid-4') // activeIndex = 1 (last opened)
+    const focused = FakeTerminalSession.instances[1]!
+    focused.pendingApproval = true
+    focused.pendingGate = 'tool'
+    focused.claudeStatus = 'waiting'
+    focused.cbs.onClaudeStatus?.('waiting')
+    const cell1 = realCells(paneHost)[1]!
+    expect(cell1.querySelector('.cell-approve')).toBeNull()
+  })
+
+  it('suppresses the OS notification for an on-board (visible) pending quadrant', () => {
+    const NotificationMock = vi.fn()
+    ;(NotificationMock as unknown as { permission: string }).permission = 'granted'
+    vi.stubGlobal('Notification', NotificationMock)
+    const { app } = withTabs(2)
+    app.focusTab(1)
+    app.setGridLayout('grid-4')
+    const bg = FakeTerminalSession.instances[0]! // visible, non-focused
+    bg.claudeStatus = 'waiting'
+    bg.cbs.onClaudeStatus?.('waiting')
+    expect(NotificationMock).not.toHaveBeenCalled()
+    vi.unstubAllGlobals()
+  })
+
+  it('still notifies for an OFF-board tab that needs approval', () => {
+    const NotificationMock = vi.fn()
+    ;(NotificationMock as unknown as { permission: string }).permission = 'granted'
+    vi.stubGlobal('Notification', NotificationMock)
+    const { app } = withTabs(5)
+    app.focusTab(0) // keep order; tab 4 stays off-board
+    app.setGridLayout('grid-4')
+    const off = FakeTerminalSession.instances[4]! // idx 4 — off the 2×2 board
+    off.claudeStatus = 'waiting'
+    off.cbs.onClaudeStatus?.('waiting')
+    expect(NotificationMock).toHaveBeenCalled()
+    vi.unstubAllGlobals()
+  })
+
+  it('a placeholder "+ New session" opens another tab', () => {
+    const { app, paneHost } = withTabs(2)
+    app.setGridLayout('grid-4')
+    expect(app.snapshot()).toHaveLength(2)
+    const slot = paneHost.querySelector<HTMLButtonElement>('.slot-empty .slot-new')!
+    slot.click()
+    expect(app.snapshot()).toHaveLength(3)
+  })
+
+  it('closing the focused quadrant removes its cell wrapper', () => {
+    const { app, paneHost } = withTabs(3)
+    app.setGridLayout('grid-4')
+    expect(realCells(paneHost)).toHaveLength(3)
+    app.closeTab(app.snapshot().findIndex((t) => t.active))
+    expect(realCells(paneHost)).toHaveLength(2)
+  })
+
+  it('narrowing back to single restores one visible cell and drops placeholders', () => {
+    const { app, paneHost } = withTabs(2)
+    app.setGridLayout('grid-4')
+    expect(paneHost.querySelectorAll('.slot-empty')).toHaveLength(2)
+    app.setGridLayout('single')
+    expect(paneHost.classList.contains('lay-single')).toBe(true)
+    expect(visibleReal(paneHost)).toHaveLength(1)
+    expect(paneHost.querySelectorAll('.slot-empty')).toHaveLength(0)
+  })
+
+  // ── Board-aware focus (regression: activate() must never focus a hidden pane) ──
+
+  it('opening a new tab while the grid board is full keeps the focused pane visible', () => {
+    const { app, paneHost } = withTabs(4)
+    app.focusTab(0)
+    app.setGridLayout('grid-4') // board full (4/4)
+    app.newTab() // 5th tab — must be pulled onto the board, not left hidden
+    const focused = paneHost.querySelector<HTMLElement>('.term-cell.focused')
+    expect(focused).not.toBeNull()
+    expect(focused!.style.display).not.toBe('none')
+    expect(paneHost.querySelectorAll('.term-cell.focused')).toHaveLength(1)
+  })
+
+  it('clicking an off-board tab in the tab bar pulls it onto the board and focuses it', () => {
+    const { app, tabBar } = withTabs(5)
+    app.focusTab(0)
+    app.setGridLayout('grid-4') // tab 4 is off the 2×2 board
+    const offSession = FakeTerminalSession.instances[4]! // identity survives reordering
+    tabBar.querySelectorAll<HTMLElement>('.tab')[4]!.dispatchEvent(
+      new Event('pointerdown', { bubbles: true }),
+    )
+    const cell = offSession.el.closest<HTMLElement>('.term-cell')!
+    expect(cell.classList.contains('focused')).toBe(true)
+    expect(cell.style.display).not.toBe('none')
+  })
+
+  it('shrinking the layout moves an off-board active pane back onto the board', () => {
+    const { app } = withTabs(4)
+    app.focusTab(3) // active index 3 (the 4th session)
+    const active = FakeTerminalSession.instances[3]!
+    app.setGridLayout('split-2') // cap 2 → index 3 is now off-board
+    expect(app.getGridLayout()).toBe('split-2')
+    const cell = active.el.closest<HTMLElement>('.term-cell')!
+    expect(cell.classList.contains('focused')).toBe(true)
+    expect(cell.style.display).not.toBe('none')
+  })
+
+  // ── refitVisible / show(focus) / home overlay ────────────────────────────────
+
+  it('refitVisible refits only the on-board panes', () => {
+    const { app } = withTabs(5)
+    app.focusTab(0)
+    app.setGridLayout('grid-4') // tabs 0-3 visible, tab 4 off-board
+    FakeTerminalSession.instances.forEach((i) => i.refit.mockClear())
+    app.refitVisible()
+    for (let i = 0; i < 4; i++) expect(FakeTerminalSession.instances[i]!.refit).toHaveBeenCalled()
+    expect(FakeTerminalSession.instances[4]!.refit).not.toHaveBeenCalled()
+  })
+
+  it('only the focused quadrant is shown with keyboard focus (focus: false for the rest)', () => {
+    const { app } = withTabs(3)
+    app.setGridLayout('grid-4') // active = tab 2 (last opened)
+    expect(FakeTerminalSession.instances[2]!.show.mock.lastCall).toEqual([{ focus: true }])
+    expect(FakeTerminalSession.instances[0]!.show.mock.lastCall).toEqual([{ focus: false }])
+    expect(FakeTerminalSession.instances[1]!.show.mock.lastCall).toEqual([{ focus: false }])
+  })
+
+  it('the ⌂ home overlay hides every grid pane, then restores the board on toggle back', () => {
+    const { app, paneHost, tabBar } = withTabs(3)
+    app.setGridLayout('grid-4')
+    expect(visibleReal(paneHost).length).toBeGreaterThan(0)
+    const home = tabBar.querySelector<HTMLButtonElement>('.tab-home')!
+    home.click() // overlay home
+    expect(visibleReal(paneHost)).toHaveLength(0)
+    expect(paneHost.querySelectorAll('.slot-empty')).toHaveLength(0)
+    home.click() // back to the terminals
+    expect(visibleReal(paneHost)).toHaveLength(3)
+    expect(paneHost.querySelectorAll('.term-cell.focused')).toHaveLength(1)
+  })
+
+  it('does NOT suppress the notification for a pending pane hidden behind the home overlay', () => {
+    const NotificationMock = vi.fn()
+    ;(NotificationMock as unknown as { permission: string }).permission = 'granted'
+    vi.stubGlobal('Notification', NotificationMock)
+    const { app, tabBar } = withTabs(2)
+    app.setGridLayout('grid-4')
+    tabBar.querySelector<HTMLButtonElement>('.tab-home')!.click() // home overlay up
+    const bg = FakeTerminalSession.instances[0]! // on-board by layout, but behind home
+    bg.claudeStatus = 'waiting'
+    bg.cbs.onClaudeStatus?.('waiting')
+    expect(NotificationMock).toHaveBeenCalled()
+    vi.unstubAllGlobals()
+  })
+})
diff --git a/vitest.config.ts b/vitest.config.ts
index 6a1ee82..aae3566 100644
--- a/vitest.config.ts
+++ b/vitest.config.ts
@@ -24,6 +24,7 @@ export default defineConfig({
         'src/**/*.ts',
         'public/terminal-session.ts',
         'public/tabs.ts',
+        'public/grid-layout.ts',
         'public/preview-grid.ts',
         'public/title-util.ts',
         'public/voice-commands.ts',