diff --git a/docs/PROGRESS_LOG.md b/docs/PROGRESS_LOG.md
index 76aaf27..95470ba 100644
--- a/docs/PROGRESS_LOG.md
+++ b/docs/PROGRESS_LOG.md
@@ -28,7 +28,8 @@
 - **目标**: DEPLOY_RELAY §4 的 **Phase 1「1b 全量持久化 staging」**。VPS 上 Docker 自建 Postgres+Redis;已备案域名走 443 + Let's Encrypt;agent 跑在操作者本机向外拨号。完整文件级方案见 [PLAN_RELAY_PHASE1.md](./PLAN_RELAY_PHASE1.md)。
 - **进度**: **Wave A/B/C/D/E 代码全部完成并通过 Verify** —— 一个后台 Workflow(12 agents,0 error)跑完 A2、B1–B5、B6、C、D1、E。Verify 门槛:**四个包 tsc 全干净、可构建包全 build 成功、314/314 测试通过**(control-plane 103 / relay-run 74 / agent 137 + relay-web 118)。对抗式安全评审:**所有硬不变量 PASS**(INV2 opaque splice、Origin/CSWSH 精确匹配、mTLS INV14 registry 门控、token-mint 密码学、撤销 INV12、jti 单次、参数化 SQL)。
 - **各任务**: A2 P3 server 入口+Redis 总线 `[x]`;B1 共享 store EnforceDeps `[x]`;B2 registry-backed MtlsVerifier `[x]`(异步阻抗由 B5 的 `bridgeAsyncMtls` per-DER 预取桥无锁解决);B3 store RouteResolver `[x]`;B4 撤销订阅 `[x]`;B5 `main-phase1.ts` 组合入口 + staging `/auth/mint` 签发 `[x]`;C agent `dist/cli.js` 构建+`runTunnel` 运行入口 `[x]`;D1 同源托管 relay-web `[x]`;E systemd+脚本+RUNBOOK `[x]`;**B6 relay-web 登录/DPoP `[~] PARTIAL`**。
-- **两个待收尾(B7)**: ① **功能阻塞** — 浏览器 WS 无法设请求头,B6 把 DPoP proof 放进 `term.dpop.<b64u>` 子协议,**relay 侧(browser-server.ts)必须从子协议读取并喂给 `UpgradeRequest.dpop`**,否则真实浏览器一律被 DPoP 拒(401)。② **F1 安全** — 公网 :443 上的 `/auth/mint` 无限速/锁定(评审最大攻击面);顺带 F2(`activeSessionCount` 硬编码 0,并发上限失效)、F5(裸 error 日志或泄露 DSN)。F3/F4(撤销后 agent 空转重连、slowloris)为 LOW,记入 Phase 2 backlog。
+- **B7 收尾 `[x]` DONE**: ① 功能阻塞已闭环 — `browser-server.ts` 现从 `term.dpop.<b64u>` 子协议读 DPoP proof 喂 `UpgradeRequest.dpop`(头优先、否则回退子协议),真实浏览器可通过 DPoP 门。② F1 `/auth/mint` 加 Redis 按 IP 限流(HMAC 盐哈希 key,burst5/refill0.2,早于口令比对,耗尽 429);F2 `activeSessionCount` 接真实同租户在线 WS 计数;F5 错误日志只记 `e.message(+.code)` 防 DSN 泄漏。relay-run `npx vitest run` → **10 files / 92 passed**、tsc 干净。**F3/F4(撤销后 agent 空转重连、slowloris)为 LOW → Phase 2 backlog。**
+- **⚠️ 端到端仅可在 VPS 验证**:浏览器登录→token→DPoP→upgrade→agent 拼接,本地只到类型/单元层。E2–E5 远端执行见 `deploy/RUNBOOK.md`(需 VPS 访问权)。
 - **远端(需 VPS 执行,见 `deploy/RUNBOOK.md`)**: DNS、Let's Encrypt 签证、私有 enrollment CA + capability keypair 生成、阿里云安全组放行 443/AGENT_PORT、systemd 起两个服务、端到端 enroll→dial→浏览器点进 shell。
 - **未做/推迟到 Phase 2**: 真 KMS、F6 replay、WebAuthn step-up(staging 用 `NO_STEPUP_POLICY`)、通配多租户、F3/F4。
 - **未做/推迟到 Phase 2**: 真 KMS(dev signer 暂用)、F6 replay(`loadReplay` fail-closed)、WebAuthn step-up(staging 用 `NO_STEPUP_POLICY`)、通配多租户。
diff --git a/relay-run/src/main-phase1.ts b/relay-run/src/main-phase1.ts
index 3046a82..f5ca366 100644
--- a/relay-run/src/main-phase1.ts
+++ b/relay-run/src/main-phase1.ts
@@ -71,6 +71,19 @@ function intEnv(name: string, fallback: number): number {
   return n
 }
 
+/**
+ * F5/INV9 · render an error for logs WITHOUT leaking the raw object. A raw PG/Redis error can carry
+ * the connection DSN (with password) in its properties, so we log only `.message` (+ `.code` when
+ * present, e.g. 'ECONNREFUSED') and never the object itself.
+ */
+function errText(e: unknown): string {
+  if (e instanceof Error) {
+    const code = (e as { code?: unknown }).code
+    return code === undefined ? e.message : `${e.message} (code=${String(code)})`
+  }
+  return String(e)
+}
+
 // ── async mTLS → sync-slot bridge ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 
 interface MtlsBridge {
@@ -169,9 +182,9 @@ async function main(): Promise<void> {
     caChainPem: readFileSync(agentCaChainPath, 'utf8'),
     hosts: deps.hosts,
     now,
-    onError: (e) => console.error('[mtls-verify]', e),
+    onError: (e) => console.error('[mtls-verify]', errText(e)),
   })
-  const mtlsBridge = bridgeAsyncMtls(asyncMtls, (e) => console.error('[mtls-bridge]', e))
+  const mtlsBridge = bridgeAsyncMtls(asyncMtls, (e) => console.error('[mtls-bridge]', errText(e)))
 
   const authorizer = createAuthorizer({ deps, allowedOrigins, now })
 
@@ -183,7 +196,7 @@ async function main(): Promise<void> {
     bindHost,
     bindPort: agentBindPort,
     onListening: () => console.log(`[agent-mtls] listening wss://${bindHost}:${agentBindPort}`),
-    onError: (e) => console.error('[agent-mtls]', e),
+    onError: (e) => console.error('[agent-mtls]', errText(e)),
   })
 
   const dp = buildDataPlane({
@@ -193,7 +206,7 @@ async function main(): Promise<void> {
     mtls: mtlsBridge.sync,
     now,
     caBundle: [readFileSync(agentCaCertPath)],
-    onError: (e) => console.error('[data-plane]', e),
+    onError: (e) => console.error('[data-plane]', errText(e)),
     tlsServerFactory: mtlsBridge.wrap(agentTlsFactory),
   })
 
@@ -205,12 +218,16 @@ async function main(): Promise<void> {
   let mintEnabled = false
   if (operatorPassword.length > 0 && signPrivRaw.length > 0) {
     const signingKey = await loadSigningKeyFromEnv(signPrivRaw)
+    // F1: the public :443 mint MUST be rate-limited (brute-force of OPERATOR_PASSWORD → full shell).
+    // Reuse the shared Redis token bucket keyed on a salted hash of the client IP (raw IP never stored).
+    const mintRateSalt = process.env.MINT_RATE_SALT || 'relay-run-mint-rate-salt'
     onRequest = createAuthMintRoute({
       signingKey,
       hosts: stores.hosts,
       operatorPassword,
       now,
-      onError: (e) => console.error('[auth-mint]', e),
+      rateLimit: { buckets: deps.buckets, salt: mintRateSalt },
+      onError: (e) => console.error('[auth-mint]', errText(e)),
     })
     mintEnabled = true
   } else {
@@ -229,7 +246,7 @@ async function main(): Promise<void> {
     staticRoot: webRoot,
     ...(onRequest ? { onRequest } : {}),
     onListening: () => console.log(`[browser-wss] listening https://${bindHost}:${bindPort}`),
-    onError: (e) => console.error('[browser-wss]', e),
+    onError: (e) => console.error('[browser-wss]', errText(e)),
   })
 
   // INV12: a Redis relay:revocations kill-signal tears matching live tunnel(s) down on this node.
@@ -245,7 +262,7 @@ async function main(): Promise<void> {
     onApplied: (signal, hostsAffected) =>
       console.log(`[revocation] applied scope=${signal.scope.kind} hostsAffected=${hostsAffected}`),
     onDropped: () => console.warn('[revocation] dropped malformed kill-signal'),
-    onError: (e) => console.error('[revocation]', e),
+    onError: (e) => console.error('[revocation]', errText(e)),
   })
 
   console.log('\n=== relay-run Phase 1 READY ===')
@@ -267,7 +284,7 @@ async function main(): Promise<void> {
       dp.listener.close()
       await Promise.allSettled([redis.quit(), redisSubscriber.quit(), pool.end()])
     } catch (e) {
-      console.error('[shutdown]', e)
+      console.error('[shutdown]', errText(e))
     } finally {
       process.exit(0)
     }
@@ -277,6 +294,6 @@ async function main(): Promise<void> {
 }
 
 main().catch((e) => {
-  console.error('fatal:', e instanceof Error ? e.message : e)
+  console.error('fatal:', errText(e))
   process.exit(1)
 })
diff --git a/relay-run/src/servers/auth-mint.ts b/relay-run/src/servers/auth-mint.ts
index e4e4617..ccf869b 100644
--- a/relay-run/src/servers/auth-mint.ts
+++ b/relay-run/src/servers/auth-mint.ts
@@ -22,8 +22,8 @@
  *  - Input is validated at the boundary (Zod) BEFORE any store/crypto work; body size is capped.
  */
 import type { IncomingMessage, ServerResponse } from 'node:http'
-import { createHash, timingSafeEqual } from 'node:crypto'
-import { issueCapabilityToken, type AuthenticatedPrincipal } from 'relay-auth'
+import { createHash, createHmac, timingSafeEqual } from 'node:crypto'
+import { issueCapabilityToken, type AuthenticatedPrincipal, type TokenBucketStore } from 'relay-auth'
 import type { CapabilityRight } from 'relay-contracts'
 import type { HostStore } from 'control-plane/src/store/ports.js'
 
@@ -37,12 +37,35 @@ const MAX_BODY_BYTES = 4096
 const MINT_RIGHTS: readonly CapabilityRight[] = ['attach']
 /** A base64url SHA-256 JWK thumbprint is exactly 43 chars of [A-Za-z0-9_-]. */
 const JKT_RE = /^[A-Za-z0-9_-]{43}$/
+/**
+ * F1 · public-mint brute-force throttle (per remote IP). Strict & low: a full bucket allows a short
+ * burst, then admits ~1 attempt every 5 s — enough for an operator's retries, useless for guessing
+ * OPERATOR_PASSWORD. Tuned so a fresh IP gets `MINT_RATE_BURST` immediate tries.
+ */
+export const MINT_RATE_BURST = 5
+export const MINT_RATE_REFILL_PER_SEC = 0.2
 /** A single DNS label (tenant subdomain): lowercase alnum + hyphens, 1–63 chars, no leading/trailing '-'. */
 const SUBDOMAIN_RE = /^[a-z0-9](?:[a-z0-9-]{0,61}[a-z0-9])?$/
 
 /** The single CP `hosts` capability this route needs (interface segregation). */
 export type SubdomainHostLookup = Pick<HostStore, 'getBySubdomain'>
 
+/**
+ * F1 · per-remote-address throttle for the public `/auth/mint`. Reuses the shared (Redis) token
+ * bucket. Keyed on a SALTED HASH of the client IP — the raw IP is never used as a key. Omit to
+ * disable the throttle (unit tests / trusted-network deployments); production ALWAYS supplies it.
+ */
+export interface MintRateLimit {
+  /** Token-bucket store (Redis-backed in prod; the SAME store the relay's pre-auth limiter uses). */
+  readonly buckets: TokenBucketStore
+  /** Salt for hashing the client IP into the bucket key — prevents storing/inferring the raw IP. */
+  readonly salt: string
+  /** Bucket capacity (max immediate burst). Default {@link MINT_RATE_BURST}. */
+  readonly burst?: number
+  /** Refill tokens/second. Default {@link MINT_RATE_REFILL_PER_SEC}. */
+  readonly refillPerSec?: number
+}
+
 export interface AuthMintDeps {
   /** P5 capability signing PRIVATE key (Ed25519 CryptoKey with ['sign']). NEVER logged. */
   readonly signingKey: CryptoKey
@@ -52,6 +75,8 @@ export interface AuthMintDeps {
   readonly operatorPassword: string
   /** Epoch-SECONDS clock (token iat/exp). */
   readonly now: () => number
+  /** F1 per-IP brute-force throttle. When set, exhaustion returns 429 BEFORE the password compare. */
+  readonly rateLimit?: MintRateLimit
   /** Observability seam — receives thrown errors only (never bodies/tokens/keys). */
   readonly onError?: (e: unknown) => void
 }
@@ -79,6 +104,23 @@ function safeEqual(a: string, b: string): boolean {
   return timingSafeEqual(ha, hb)
 }
 
+/** Salted HMAC-SHA256 of the client IP → an OPAQUE, non-reversible bucket key (never the raw IP). */
+function mintBucketKey(salt: string, remoteAddr: string): string {
+  return 'mint:' + createHmac('sha256', salt).update(remoteAddr).digest('hex').slice(0, 32)
+}
+
+/**
+ * F1 · consume one token from the per-IP mint bucket. Returns true when the request may proceed,
+ * false when the IP is throttled. A thrown store error is NOT swallowed here — it propagates to
+ * handleMint's outer catch, which denies (500, no token) and reports via `onError` (deny-by-default).
+ */
+async function allowMintAttempt(rl: MintRateLimit, remoteAddr: string, now: number): Promise<boolean> {
+  const key = mintBucketKey(rl.salt, remoteAddr)
+  const burst = rl.burst ?? MINT_RATE_BURST
+  const refillPerSec = rl.refillPerSec ?? MINT_RATE_REFILL_PER_SEC
+  return rl.buckets.take(key, refillPerSec, burst, now)
+}
+
 function sendJson(res: ServerResponse, status: number, body: unknown): void {
   const payload = JSON.stringify(body)
   res.writeHead(status, {
@@ -130,6 +172,16 @@ async function handleMint(
   deps: AuthMintDeps,
 ): Promise<void> {
   try {
+    // F1: per-IP throttle BEFORE any body buffering / password compare — blunts a brute-force of
+    // OPERATOR_PASSWORD on the public :443 mint. Keyed on the SALTED IP hash (raw IP never stored).
+    if (deps.rateLimit !== undefined) {
+      const remoteAddr = req.socket?.remoteAddress ?? ''
+      if (!(await allowMintAttempt(deps.rateLimit, remoteAddr, deps.now()))) {
+        sendJson(res, 429, { error: 'rate_limited' })
+        return
+      }
+    }
+
     let raw: string
     try {
       raw = await readBody(req, MAX_BODY_BYTES)
diff --git a/relay-run/src/servers/browser-server.ts b/relay-run/src/servers/browser-server.ts
index 50aeeee..cc88fa7 100644
--- a/relay-run/src/servers/browser-server.ts
+++ b/relay-run/src/servers/browser-server.ts
@@ -13,6 +13,7 @@ import type { UpgradeRequest } from 'term-relay/data-plane/upgrade.js'
 import type { RelayNode } from 'term-relay/data-plane/relay-node.js'
 import { wsToWebSocketLike } from '../wiring/socket-pipe.js'
 import { serveStatic } from './static-web.js'
+import { extractDpopProofFromSubprotocols } from './dpop-subprotocol.js'
 
 export interface BrowserServerOptions {
   readonly certPath: string
@@ -50,12 +51,26 @@ function parseCookies(header: string | undefined): Record<string, string> {
   return out
 }
 
-function buildUpgradeRequest(req: IncomingMessage): UpgradeRequest {
+/**
+ * Build the P1 `UpgradeRequest` from the raw upgrade request.
+ *
+ * DPoP transport (B7): the `dpop` REQUEST HEADER is read first (a proxy or native client MAY set it),
+ * but a browser's native WebSocket API cannot set headers, so relay-web offers the proof as an extra
+ * `term.dpop.<b64u>` subprotocol entry. The header WINS when both are present; otherwise the proof
+ * falls back to the subprotocol (fail-closed → null when absent/malformed). htu/htm are NOT set here:
+ * the authorizer re-derives them from the request's own resolved authority (`expectedAud`), never from
+ * client-supplied claims — so both transports feed the SAME downstream DPoP binding.
+ *
+ * `activeSessionCount` is supplied by the caller (the live per-tenant connection count, F2).
+ */
+export function buildUpgradeRequest(req: IncomingMessage, activeSessionCount: number): UpgradeRequest {
   const proto = req.headers['sec-websocket-protocol']
   const subprotocols = (typeof proto === 'string' ? proto.split(',') : [])
     .map((v) => v.trim())
     .filter((v) => v.length > 0)
   const dpopHeader = req.headers['dpop']
+  const headerProof = typeof dpopHeader === 'string' && dpopHeader.length > 0 ? dpopHeader : null
+  const proof = headerProof ?? extractDpopProofFromSubprotocols(subprotocols)
   return {
     host: req.headers.host ?? '',
     origin: typeof req.headers.origin === 'string' ? req.headers.origin : undefined,
@@ -63,8 +78,8 @@ function buildUpgradeRequest(req: IncomingMessage): UpgradeRequest {
     subprotocols,
     cookies: parseCookies(req.headers.cookie),
     remoteAddr: req.socket.remoteAddress ?? '',
-    dpop: { proof: typeof dpopHeader === 'string' ? dpopHeader : null, publicKeyThumbprint: null },
-    activeSessionCount: 0,
+    dpop: { proof, publicKeyThumbprint: null },
+    activeSessionCount,
   }
 }
 
@@ -98,9 +113,24 @@ export function startBrowserServer(opts: BrowserServerOptions): Server {
     handleProtocols: (protocols: Set<string>) =>
       protocols.has(APP_SUBPROTOCOL) ? APP_SUBPROTOCOL : false,
   })
+  // F2: best-effort concurrent-session count per tenant. The relay-node keeps its browser↔agent
+  // splice index PRIVATE (no public per-host stream count), so we approximate the account's "active
+  // sessions" with the number of browser WS connections currently open to the SAME tenant origin
+  // (single-tenant staging ⇒ subdomain↔host/account is 1:1). We pass the count of the OTHER live
+  // connections (this one excluded) so P5's `checkConcurrentSessions` sees only prior sessions. This
+  // over-counts unauthorized/failing connects until they close, which fails SAFE (toward the cap).
+  const liveByTenant = new Map<string, number>()
   wss.on('connection', (ws: WsWebSocket, req: IncomingMessage) => {
+    const tenantKey = req.headers.host ?? ''
+    const priorCount = liveByTenant.get(tenantKey) ?? 0
+    liveByTenant.set(tenantKey, priorCount + 1)
+    ws.once('close', () => {
+      const next = (liveByTenant.get(tenantKey) ?? 1) - 1
+      if (next <= 0) liveByTenant.delete(tenantKey)
+      else liveByTenant.set(tenantKey, next)
+    })
     opts.node
-      .handleBrowserUpgrade(buildUpgradeRequest(req), wsToWebSocketLike(ws))
+      .handleBrowserUpgrade(buildUpgradeRequest(req, priorCount), wsToWebSocketLike(ws))
       .catch((e) => opts.onError?.(e))
   })
   server.on('error', (e) => opts.onError?.(e))
diff --git a/relay-run/src/servers/dpop-subprotocol.ts b/relay-run/src/servers/dpop-subprotocol.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d7e41a9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/relay-run/src/servers/dpop-subprotocol.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+/**
+ * B7 · Decode the browser's DPoP proof carried as an EXTRA WS subprotocol entry.
+ *
+ * A browser's native WebSocket API cannot set request headers, so relay-web offers the §4.3 DPoP
+ * proof-of-possession JWS as an additional `Sec-WebSocket-Protocol` entry
+ *   `term.dpop.<base64url(proofJws)>`
+ * — mirroring how the capability token rides `term.token.<b64u>` (relay-contracts subprotocol.ts).
+ * This is the relay-side inverse of relay-web `encodeDpopSubprotocol`; the wire format is decoded
+ * byte-for-byte with the SAME isomorphic base64url helper both sides share (relay-contracts), so
+ * issuance and verification can never drift.
+ *
+ * FAIL-CLOSED (INV15): an absent entry OR malformed base64url / non-UTF-8 payload → `null`, so the
+ * downstream DPoP gate denies through the audited path instead of ever seeing a half-decoded proof.
+ */
+import { decodeBase64UrlString } from 'relay-contracts'
+
+/** Subprotocol entry prefix carrying the DPoP proof (mirrors relay-web `DPOP_SUBPROTOCOL_PREFIX`). */
+export const DPOP_SUBPROTOCOL_PREFIX = 'term.dpop.' as const
+
+/**
+ * Extract the DPoP proof JWS from a parsed subprotocol list: find the first `term.dpop.` entry,
+ * strip the prefix, and base64url-decode the remainder. Returns `null` when the entry is absent,
+ * empty, or does not decode (deny-by-default).
+ */
+export function extractDpopProofFromSubprotocols(values: readonly string[]): string | null {
+  const entry = values.find((v) => v.startsWith(DPOP_SUBPROTOCOL_PREFIX))
+  if (entry === undefined) return null
+  const encoded = entry.slice(DPOP_SUBPROTOCOL_PREFIX.length)
+  if (encoded.length === 0) return null
+  try {
+    const decoded = decodeBase64UrlString(encoded)
+    return decoded.length > 0 ? decoded : null
+  } catch {
+    return null // fail-closed: malformed base64url or invalid UTF-8
+  }
+}
diff --git a/relay-run/tests/auth-mint.test.ts b/relay-run/tests/auth-mint.test.ts
index eba26c2..b7be144 100644
--- a/relay-run/tests/auth-mint.test.ts
+++ b/relay-run/tests/auth-mint.test.ts
@@ -9,10 +9,13 @@ import { Readable } from 'node:stream'
 import type { IncomingMessage, ServerResponse } from 'node:http'
 import type { HostRecord } from 'control-plane/src/model/records.js'
 import { verifyPaseto } from 'relay-auth/src/crypto/paseto.js'
+import type { TokenBucketStore } from 'relay-auth'
 import {
   createAuthMintRoute,
   loadSigningKeyFromEnv,
+  MINT_RATE_BURST,
   type SubdomainHostLookup,
+  type MintRateLimit,
 } from '../src/servers/auth-mint.js'
 
 const subtle = globalThis.crypto.subtle
@@ -86,11 +89,12 @@ function fakeRes(): { res: ServerResponse; captured: CapturedRes; done: Promise<
   return { res: captured as unknown as ServerResponse, captured, done }
 }
 
-function fakeReq(method: string, url: string, body?: string): IncomingMessage {
+function fakeReq(method: string, url: string, body?: string, remoteAddr = '203.0.113.7'): IncomingMessage {
   const chunks = body === undefined ? [] : [Buffer.from(body, 'utf8')]
   const req = Readable.from(chunks) as unknown as IncomingMessage
   ;(req as { method?: string }).method = method
   ;(req as { url?: string }).url = url
+  ;(req as { socket?: { remoteAddress: string } }).socket = { remoteAddress: remoteAddr }
   return req
 }
 
@@ -220,6 +224,96 @@ describe('createAuthMintRoute — routing semantics', () => {
   })
 })
 
+// ── F1 · per-IP mint throttle ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+/** Lazy-refill token bucket mirroring the production Redis Lua — deterministic at a fixed `now`. */
+function inMemoryBucket(): TokenBucketStore {
+  const state = new Map<string, { tokens: number; ts: number }>()
+  return {
+    async take(key, refillPerSec, burst, now) {
+      const s = state.get(key) ?? { tokens: burst, ts: now }
+      const elapsed = now - s.ts
+      let tokens = elapsed > 0 ? Math.min(burst, s.tokens + elapsed * refillPerSec) : s.tokens
+      const allowed = tokens >= 1
+      if (allowed) tokens -= 1
+      state.set(key, { tokens, ts: now })
+      return allowed
+    },
+  }
+}
+
+function mkRouteRl(
+  hosts: SubdomainHostLookup,
+  rateLimit: MintRateLimit,
+): (req: IncomingMessage, res: ServerResponse) => boolean {
+  return createAuthMintRoute({
+    signingKey: keys.signingKey,
+    hosts,
+    operatorPassword: PASSWORD,
+    now: () => NOW,
+    rateLimit,
+    onError: () => {},
+  })
+}
+
+async function postRl(
+  route: (req: IncomingMessage, res: ServerResponse) => boolean,
+  bodyObj: unknown,
+  remoteAddr: string,
+): Promise<CapturedRes> {
+  const { res, captured, done } = fakeRes()
+  route(fakeReq('POST', '/auth/mint', JSON.stringify(bodyObj), remoteAddr), res)
+  await done
+  return captured
+}
+
+describe('createAuthMintRoute — F1 per-IP throttle', () => {
+  const GOOD = { password: PASSWORD, jkt: JKT, subdomain: 'alice' }
+
+  it('admits the burst then returns 429 once the bucket is exhausted (same IP)', async () => {
+    const route = mkRouteRl(fakeHosts(mkHost()), { buckets: inMemoryBucket(), salt: 's' })
+    const ip = '198.51.100.4'
+    for (let i = 0; i < MINT_RATE_BURST; i++) {
+      const ok = await postRl(route, GOOD, ip)
+      expect(ok.statusCode).toBe(200)
+    }
+    const throttled = await postRl(route, GOOD, ip)
+    expect(throttled.statusCode).toBe(429)
+    expect(throttled.body).not.toContain('token')
+  })
+
+  it('throttles BEFORE the password compare (exhausted IP + WRONG password → 429, not 401)', async () => {
+    const route = mkRouteRl(fakeHosts(mkHost()), { buckets: inMemoryBucket(), salt: 's', burst: 1 })
+    const ip = '198.51.100.9'
+    expect((await postRl(route, GOOD, ip)).statusCode).toBe(200) // drains the single token
+    const wrong = await postRl(route, { ...GOOD, password: 'nope' }, ip)
+    expect(wrong.statusCode).toBe(429) // throttle wins over the 401 password check
+  })
+
+  it('keeps per-IP buckets independent (a throttled IP does not affect another)', async () => {
+    const route = mkRouteRl(fakeHosts(mkHost()), { buckets: inMemoryBucket(), salt: 's', burst: 1 })
+    expect((await postRl(route, GOOD, '10.0.0.1')).statusCode).toBe(200)
+    expect((await postRl(route, GOOD, '10.0.0.1')).statusCode).toBe(429) // IP-A exhausted
+    expect((await postRl(route, GOOD, '10.0.0.2')).statusCode).toBe(200) // IP-B unaffected
+  })
+
+  it('keys the bucket on a SALTED HASH, never the raw client IP', async () => {
+    const seenKeys: string[] = []
+    const spyBucket: TokenBucketStore = {
+      async take(key) {
+        seenKeys.push(key)
+        return true
+      },
+    }
+    const rawIp = '203.0.113.55'
+    const route = mkRouteRl(fakeHosts(mkHost()), { buckets: spyBucket, salt: 'pepper' })
+    await postRl(route, GOOD, rawIp)
+    expect(seenKeys).toHaveLength(1)
+    expect(seenKeys[0]).toMatch(/^mint:[0-9a-f]{32}$/)
+    expect(seenKeys[0]).not.toContain(rawIp)
+  })
+})
+
 describe('loadSigningKeyFromEnv', () => {
   async function exportPkcs8Pem(): Promise<{ pem: string; b64: string; publicKey: CryptoKey }> {
     const kp = (await subtle.generateKey({ name: 'Ed25519' }, true, ['sign', 'verify'])) as {
diff --git a/relay-run/tests/browser-server.test.ts b/relay-run/tests/browser-server.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7df6e61
--- /dev/null
+++ b/relay-run/tests/browser-server.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,68 @@
+/**
+ * B7 · unit tests for `buildUpgradeRequest` — the browser upgrade → P1 `UpgradeRequest` builder.
+ * Focus: the DPoP proof transport (FUNCTIONAL BLOCKER). A browser cannot set the `dpop` request
+ * header, so the proof rides the `term.dpop.<b64u>` subprotocol entry; the builder must read it there
+ * while keeping the header path working (header WINS if both). Also pins `activeSessionCount` plumbing.
+ */
+import { describe, it, expect } from 'vitest'
+import type { IncomingMessage } from 'node:http'
+import { encodeBase64UrlString, APP_SUBPROTOCOL } from 'relay-contracts'
+import { buildUpgradeRequest } from '../src/servers/browser-server.js'
+import { DPOP_SUBPROTOCOL_PREFIX } from '../src/servers/dpop-subprotocol.js'
+
+const PROOF = 'eyJhbGciOiJFZERTQSJ9.eyJodHUiOiJodHRwczovL2FsaWNlL3dzIn0.c2ln'
+
+function dpopEntry(proofJws: string): string {
+  return DPOP_SUBPROTOCOL_PREFIX + encodeBase64UrlString(proofJws)
+}
+
+function mkReq(headers: Record<string, string | undefined>): IncomingMessage {
+  return {
+    headers: { host: 'alice.example.com', ...headers },
+    url: '/ws',
+    socket: { remoteAddress: '1.2.3.4' },
+  } as unknown as IncomingMessage
+}
+
+describe('buildUpgradeRequest — DPoP transport', () => {
+  it('reads the proof from the term.dpop.<b64u> subprotocol when no header is set (the browser path)', () => {
+    const req = mkReq({ 'sec-websocket-protocol': `${APP_SUBPROTOCOL}, ${dpopEntry(PROOF)}` })
+    const upgrade = buildUpgradeRequest(req, 0)
+    expect(upgrade.dpop.proof).toBe(PROOF)
+  })
+
+  it('prefers the dpop HEADER over the subprotocol entry when both are present (header wins)', () => {
+    const req = mkReq({
+      dpop: 'header-proof-jws',
+      'sec-websocket-protocol': `${APP_SUBPROTOCOL}, ${dpopEntry(PROOF)}`,
+    })
+    expect(buildUpgradeRequest(req, 0).dpop.proof).toBe('header-proof-jws')
+  })
+
+  it('still honours the dpop header alone (header path unchanged)', () => {
+    const req = mkReq({ dpop: 'header-only', 'sec-websocket-protocol': APP_SUBPROTOCOL })
+    expect(buildUpgradeRequest(req, 0).dpop.proof).toBe('header-only')
+  })
+
+  it('yields proof=null when neither header nor subprotocol carries a proof', () => {
+    const req = mkReq({ 'sec-websocket-protocol': APP_SUBPROTOCOL })
+    expect(buildUpgradeRequest(req, 0).dpop.proof).toBeNull()
+  })
+
+  it('yields proof=null (fail-closed) for a malformed term.dpop. subprotocol entry', () => {
+    const req = mkReq({ 'sec-websocket-protocol': `${APP_SUBPROTOCOL}, ${DPOP_SUBPROTOCOL_PREFIX}not*b64u!` })
+    expect(buildUpgradeRequest(req, 0).dpop.proof).toBeNull()
+  })
+
+  it('parses the comma-separated subprotocol list and always carries the app subprotocol through', () => {
+    const req = mkReq({ 'sec-websocket-protocol': `${APP_SUBPROTOCOL}, ${dpopEntry(PROOF)}` })
+    expect(buildUpgradeRequest(req, 0).subprotocols).toContain(APP_SUBPROTOCOL)
+  })
+})
+
+describe('buildUpgradeRequest — activeSessionCount plumbing (F2)', () => {
+  it('carries the caller-supplied active-session count verbatim', () => {
+    const req = mkReq({ 'sec-websocket-protocol': APP_SUBPROTOCOL })
+    expect(buildUpgradeRequest(req, 3).activeSessionCount).toBe(3)
+  })
+})
diff --git a/relay-run/tests/dpop-subprotocol.test.ts b/relay-run/tests/dpop-subprotocol.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4c00833
--- /dev/null
+++ b/relay-run/tests/dpop-subprotocol.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,63 @@
+/**
+ * B7 · unit tests for the relay-side DPoP subprotocol decoder (`extractDpopProofFromSubprotocols`).
+ * The browser (relay-web) offers the DPoP proof as an extra `term.dpop.<b64u(proofJws)>` entry on
+ * the WS upgrade because native WebSocket cannot set request headers. These tests pin the wire
+ * contract (valid decodes; absent → null; malformed → null, fail-closed) against the SAME isomorphic
+ * base64url helper relay-web encodes with (relay-contracts), so the two sides agree byte-for-byte.
+ */
+import { describe, it, expect } from 'vitest'
+import { encodeBase64UrlString } from 'relay-contracts'
+import {
+  extractDpopProofFromSubprotocols,
+  DPOP_SUBPROTOCOL_PREFIX,
+} from '../src/servers/dpop-subprotocol.js'
+import { APP_SUBPROTOCOL, TOKEN_SUBPROTOCOL_PREFIX } from 'relay-contracts'
+
+/** Build the wire entry exactly as relay-web `encodeDpopSubprotocol` does. */
+function dpopEntry(proofJws: string): string {
+  return DPOP_SUBPROTOCOL_PREFIX + encodeBase64UrlString(proofJws)
+}
+
+// A representative three-part DPoP proof JWS (header.payload.sig) — content is opaque to the decoder.
+const PROOF = 'eyJhbGciOiJFZERTQSJ9.eyJodHUiOiJodHRwczovL2FsaWNlL3dzIn0.c2ln'
+
+describe('extractDpopProofFromSubprotocols — valid', () => {
+  it('decodes a term.dpop.<b64u> entry back to the exact proof JWS', () => {
+    const subprotocols = [APP_SUBPROTOCOL, dpopEntry(PROOF)]
+    expect(extractDpopProofFromSubprotocols(subprotocols)).toBe(PROOF)
+  })
+
+  it('finds the DPoP entry regardless of position (after app + token entries)', () => {
+    const subprotocols = [
+      APP_SUBPROTOCOL,
+      TOKEN_SUBPROTOCOL_PREFIX + encodeBase64UrlString('v4.public.raw-token'),
+      dpopEntry(PROOF),
+    ]
+    expect(extractDpopProofFromSubprotocols(subprotocols)).toBe(PROOF)
+  })
+})
+
+describe('extractDpopProofFromSubprotocols — absent → null', () => {
+  it('returns null when no term.dpop. entry is present', () => {
+    expect(extractDpopProofFromSubprotocols([APP_SUBPROTOCOL])).toBeNull()
+  })
+
+  it('returns null for an empty list', () => {
+    expect(extractDpopProofFromSubprotocols([])).toBeNull()
+  })
+
+  it('returns null when the prefix is present but the payload is empty', () => {
+    expect(extractDpopProofFromSubprotocols([DPOP_SUBPROTOCOL_PREFIX])).toBeNull()
+  })
+})
+
+describe('extractDpopProofFromSubprotocols — malformed → null (fail-closed)', () => {
+  it('returns null for a non-base64url payload (illegal characters)', () => {
+    expect(extractDpopProofFromSubprotocols([DPOP_SUBPROTOCOL_PREFIX + 'not*base64url!'])).toBeNull()
+  })
+
+  it('returns null for base64url bytes that are not valid UTF-8', () => {
+    // 0xFF 0xFE is not a valid UTF-8 sequence; base64url of those two bytes is "__4".
+    expect(extractDpopProofFromSubprotocols([DPOP_SUBPROTOCOL_PREFIX + '__4'])).toBeNull()
+  })
+})